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HE 



DOCTRINE 



OF 



GREEK PROSODY, 



TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 



op 



FRANZ PASSOW. 




ETON, 
PRINTED BY E. WILLIAMS- 



1832. 



^/^\\ 
^ 



f^U 



SEC. L 



GENERAL RULES. 



1. Prosody in general treats of the Value or Quantity 

of single Syllables, that is, of their comparative 
length or duration in Pronunciation. 

2. Greek Prosody recognizes only two kinds of Time, 

from one or other of which every syllable takes 
its measurement, — 'the short, ^poz^osr ^paxvs, and 
the long, ')(p6vos fiaxpos. One long syllable is con- 
sidered isochronous or equivalent to two short 
ones. 

3. Every syllable is therefore either short (auWa^rf 

fipa')(ela), or long {avWajSrj fiaKpd) ; and is ac- 
cordingly either hurried over in pronunciation 
(o-vaTeXkerai,, corripitur), or dwelt upon {eKreive^ 
rat, producitur) , 

4. Besides long and short syllables, we have others 

partaking of the nature of both, called Doubtful 
or Common {avWa^rj Koivrj, a^<j>LBo^os)y syllaha 



either long or short, TheU* 
quantity is however pretty accurately defined by 
the actual usage of writers in every individual 
instance. 

5. The quantify of a syllable is determined either by 

the natural property of its vowel, or by the union 
of its vowel with one or more consonants. Some- 
times also, but more rarely, by its union with other 
vowels. In the former case it is short or long by 
nature, ^vaei, in the latter hy position, Secret. 

6. We will lay down rules first for short syllables, then 

for long, and lastly for such as are doubtful ; 
carefully distinguishing between the natural pro- 
perties of the vowel^ and its combination with 
other letters. 



3 

A. — ^Thb Short Vowels. 

I, Vowels Short hy Nature, 
The two Vowels e and o are short by nature. 

Likewise syllables formed of them, unless there is 
reason for lengthening them^ (as shewn under B. 2.) viz. 

eKj iv, Xiye, o<T09y \6yoSy 6\o6s, eXeyo^, 

B^ — The Long Vowels. 

L Voweh Long by Nature, 

1. The two Vowels tj and w are long by nature. 

2. The Diphthongs ai, av, ei, ev, rjv, oc, ov^ cov^ and 

the improper diphthongs a, rj^ to, 

3. All Vowels formed by the coalition of two in the 

same Syllable 3 viz. the a in ap^os instead of 
aepry6$j and the l in Ipos instead of lepos, 

4. All Vowels which have the circumflex : viz. Bpa/ia, 

irdcra, Kvlaa^ Ives, pv/jua, vXai. — And Syllables form- 
ed of these Vowels, unless a reason for shortening 
them be assigned. (A. XL 1.) 

C. — ^The Doubtful Vowels. 

The three Vowels a, i, v, are doubtful; that is, either 
long or short, ad libitum : but the actual usage of Poets 
has enabled us in the majority of instances to lay down 
very accurate rules for their quantity^; so that they can 

b2 



in very few instances only be termed doubtful. Some of 
these rules are applicable to all the doubtful Vowels ; 
Others to one or other of the three alone. 



(A) 

II. Syllables Short by Position, 

OR 

The shortening of syllables naturally long, 

J, Every syllable naturally long, either by means of a 
long vowel or diphthong, is used short by the Poets, 
if it ends with a voivel, and the following syllable 
commences vjith one; provided the syllable so 
shortened stands in the Thesis of the verse. A 
syllable shortened \n this manner is called avWa- 

(a) The most frequent instance, and almost legalized 
by the usage of the Epic writers, is when the syllable to 
be shortened stands at the end of the word ; viz. rj^ivij iv 
l^ev'^eaat, d/Mcfxa 6/jucoSf Bi'^ai dirqivay alei yap toC 

Obs. I. Tlie same licence is frequent among Elegiac and Lyric 
writers ; but is scarcely ever found in Iambic and Trochaic systems. 

(bj A vowel long by nature, iii the middle of a word, 
shortened before a vowel immediately following, is of 
rarer occurrence, 

Obs. II. This licence is observable in Homer in a few forms of 
words only, such as in the penultima of olos, vios, fneifjy enrraws, 
\'.\ the 2nd syllable of xafi.a*"fwa5es, in the i^enitive rjp^os, and in 
the subjunctive ^c/3\^at. 



Obs. III. This licence is far more frequent in the Attic and 
especially the Comic Poets ; they prefer shortenings the diphtliong 
ot in oloSf TToTos, Toido-fie, toiovtos, TToielv, and in oiet, the 2nd person 
of oiofMcu, and for this reason modern critics have begun already to 
write noelvf but are not consistent enough to proceed thus with 
words similarly aflFected. At is shortened more rarely, and almost 
exclusively confined to adjectives like naXaios, bei\aios, Kpv(f)aios, 
Moreover the Attics in the forms of pronouns peculiar to them- 
selves, TovToiH, avraU, and the like, generally use the penultima 
short. 

Obs. IV. On this point the Bucolic Poets, for the most part, 
follow the Attics 5 but the Epigrammatic writers, with some of the 
later Epic Poets, extend this licence to many other words : but 
even in them, as in others, the two diphthongs ai and ot seem from 
preference to be shortened. (Cf. C, I. 1. Exc.) 

2. The arbitrary shortening of a vowel or diphthong 
long by nature, before a consonant, is admitted 
only by modern Poets, inattentive to the rules of 
Prosody ; and even in these perhaps merely in the 
case of the diphthong ov, where it stands for the 
abort V of the Latins, as in the word Uoo-tov/xos, 

(B) 

II. Vowels Long by Position, 

OR 

The lengthening of syllables short by nature. 

1. Every syllable short by power of the short vowel it 
contains can be used long, if two or more conso- 
nants immediately follow the short vowel. This 
position of consonants after the short vowel ad- 
mits of three different cases. 

(a) When both consonants are contained in the same 
word in which the short vowel stands 3 viz. "'EWrjv, 
eairepos, ecr^Xoy, o//<yLta, oX^los, oarpaKOV, 



(b) Whpn the first consonant only is contained in the 
same word, and the second in the following one ; viz. 

Twv ofMo^ev ye, ^e^ ^vjarep Alos, olov Bi] vv ^eovs, yij/M 

(c) When both consonants arc contained in the 2nd 
word ; viz. /at^tc ^vdaaOai, ryiperd ^ptjtcov, avBpd ^P7)tov 
eovra, aTa6/JL<p evi fipo/jbiaxn, 

Obs. The two last cases occur of course only where several 
words follow in close connection. 

l^.rceptio?is. 

1, The lengthening of a syllable, long by nature, by 
means of two consecutive consonants ceases, (with the 
Attics in most cases, and frequently with other Poets,) if 
the first of the two following consonants is a mute, and 
the second a liquid. Yet this rule holds good only, when 
both consonants belong to one and the same syllable of 
the same word. In Homer and later writers a syllable, 
short by nature, remains so before yS/?, 8p, ^p, Kp, irp^ 
ff>p, XR} ^\ "^^y '^^> X^ 5 with the Attics as well as the 
Elegiac, Bucolic, and Epigrammatic writers, a short 
vowel is not lengthened except before ^/i-, kjjl, tjx, kv, 
^v, ')(y. Examples, — ve^pos, eSpa, ifKiOpov, veKpos, A,e7r- 
p69, Trirpa, ve^pos, \e')(^pLos, oKXd^o), oifKov, orXoSy o'^^os^ 
apiOfios^ aK^iT}, TeKvov, irorixos, d(f)V(o, rex^V* 

2. On the contrai^ a syllable, short by nature, is 
lengthened even when the second consonant is a liquid 
in the following cases : — 

(a) Universally, and without exception, if the two 
consonants belong to two separate words 5 viz. ck 



X6%6«t)y' which rule holdi^ good also iu compounds 5 viz. 

(b) Universally, and without exception, if the li- 
quid precedes the mute 3 viz. iXiris^ iiMiris, irovrosy evBov, 
s-XKcOy ep'X^ofJbai, 

(c) Universally, and without exception, before two 
liquids, whether they be alike or different ; viz. "'EXkT^v, 
iroWd^ jSXijjLfiaj ofjbfjia, hevvos, k6vvo9, areppos, oppos^ 
eXfjLLVSy ciXpuoSy f^eKepbVOV, opuvvfjUL, eppua, oppurj, aripvov, 
opvLs, 

Obs. A vowel short before fiv is not without authority, and it 
has recently been adopted even before fi^ and ix<f>. 

(d) The Attics commonly use a vowel short before 
p\, 7X, 7yLt, 7z/, 8ytt, hv, (media ante liquidam) yet not 
without exceptions, which cannot be reduced to any fixed 
rule. 

2. Tlie three double consonants, f, f, and ^^ have the 
same power of lengthening, that several consecu- 
tive consonants possess ; viz. rpdire^a, epe^a, 
€pe\fra, o^os, Xo^os^ hro-^' or when the double 
consonant belongs to the following word ; viz. 
rnhvaad Zet), xatpe ^elue, ^v re "^v^nv. 

Exceptions. 

In Homer f sometimes loses the lengthening force of 
a double consonant, but merely in the case of Proper 
Names, which could not in any other way come into a 
verse; viz. Za/cvi/^oy and Zekeua, For the same reason 
Homer leaves the short syllable before aic in ^KafzavSpos 
and a/ceirapvov. More recent Poets have imitated this 



8 

practice in other words, and extended the licence to cfi^ 
a liberty unknown to the Attics. 

3. The four liquids, X, /x, i/, p, especially the last, when 

they begin a word, have frequently the power in 
Epic poetry of lengthening a syllable ending with 
a short vowel, immediately preceding. The Attic 
Poets confine this power to p exclusively : but in 
all cases the syllable so lengthened must stand in 
the arsis of the line. 

4. A final syllable concluding with a short vowel is 

sometimes lengthened by means of the following 
semivowel o-, but only in the arsis of the line, and 
not in Attic writers. 

5. Moreover the Epic lengthening of a final syllable 

closing with a short vowel occurs more frequent- 
ly in the arsis before S in hrjv, and the words Seoy, 
hciZo}, Becuo?, &c. than before other consonants; 
very rarely before the aspirated consonants, <^, 

Obs, It must be carefully remarked, that in all these cases the 
short syllable only is lengthened, and not the vowel, which would 
still remain short under any circumstances. 

(C) 

General Rules for Doubtful Vowels. 

1. A doubtful vowel is short, 

(a) When it forms the last syllable in a word of 
three or more syllables, and the antepenultima is acuted ; 
viz. KepKvpa, rplacvd, 'larTjfii^, TV(j)Or]Ti^, poh6Trr)j(ys, 



(b) When it forms the last syllable in a word of 
two or more syllables, and the penultima is circumflexed ; 
viz. Moucra, vparffidf ripl, KXvOiy ^TJXijs. 

Obs. The lengthening of a syllable by position has no influence 
in this case ; for av\a^^ ^S>na^, ipL^a>ka^, Karcopv^, Kparepcovv^, TrXetcr- 
Twva^, &c. retain their circumflex ; because, though the syllable is 
lengthened by means of ^, still the vowel remains short. (Vid. B. 
II. 5. 065.) 

Ea:ceptio7is, 

1. The two diphthongs at and oo at the end of a 
word, in reference to the two foregoing rules, are consi- 
dered short in point of accentuation, and thence retain 
the circumflex in the penultima, and the acute on the 
antepenultima ; viz, rvTrro/jbav, avOpfoiroi^ apvvfievoi, M5- 
oat, 7r(b\ot. — Except, (aj The third person of the optative 
in 01 and ai, ; viz. (j^evyoi, irotria-aL. — (b) The adverb oXkov. 
— (c) Words compounded of enclitic particles; as in 
otyLtoi, 97Tot, &c. which follow the General Rule. 



2. 6), in the termination of the Attic declension, ad- 
mits the acute on the antepenultima ; viz. TroXecos, 
avcoyecov, 

3. ft), in the Ionic genitive of the first declension, ad- 
mits likewise the acute on the antepenultima ; viz. ^€<r- 

TTOTecO. 

2. A vowel naturally doubtful is long, 

(a) When it has the circumflex. {Fid. sup. B. 1. 4.) 

(bj When it forms the last syllable of a word of 
three or more syllables, and the penultima has the 



10 

acute; viz. i\dd, TracSeld, ^CKia, irreXidf ^aKpopplv, iin^ 
helKVvs, 

(c) When it forms the last syllable of a word of 
two syllables^ whose penultima is long by nature, but is 
acuted instead of circum flexed ; viz. \eid, Kvri(rrl, Kcofivs. 



SEC. II 



THE DOUBTFUL VOWELS IN THE TERMINATION 
OF SUBSTANTIVES. 



ALPHA. 



I. In the endings of the nominative^ accusative, and 
vocative singular of the Feminines a, av, and a, 
which have constantly the same quantity, these 
two general Rules hold good : — 

1. a is short, when the penultima has the circumflex, 
or the antepenultima the acute. 

2. a is long^ when either it is itself circumflexed or 
acuted, or when the preceding syllable, being long by 
nature, has the acute. — ^The following rules contain a 
more detailed account of the characteristics. 

1. Alpha is short, 

(a) In all dissyllable substantives in aia; viz. ala, 

yald, ypala, fxala, Maid, and in some polysyllable names 

of cities and countries -, viz. ACkacd, UXdratd, 4>to/cam, 

'la-rlaid. 

Obs. Vpaia, in Theocritus, is the feminine from ypaXos, (Vide 
infra, 2. (h) ) 

(b) In many words in eid ; for instance — 

In radical words of three or more syUables, which 
have the acute on the antepenultima ; viz. Kpdveid, k(o- 

Seta, ireKeid, TpucjidXetd. 

c2 



12 



In Proper Names of women and names of places of 
three or more syllables, in which the ending eta arises 
out of a shorter form in rj ; viz. M>;Seta, MtSeta, Yiifi'rfKud, 
^FoSeia, Kopcoveid, MaPTlveid, KaWLOTretd, KacracoTreuif 
Tl€p(r€(^6v€Ld, nrjveXoTreLa, T€p-^L')(ppeid. 

In substantives which are compounded of neuters in 
oy; viz. aKpdjpeid, Trpvfivdypetd, fiL(T<ijK6Ld, iravaKeid, from 
opos, dyKos, aKos; and in Proper Names of women com- 
pounded in the same manner ; viz. 'ApLaroKpareLd, 'Hpt- 
yiveid, ^I(f>i,yeveLd, Kvirpoyevetd, Tpiroyeveidj from Kpdros, 
and yevos. 

In substantives derived from verbs in evto, or, to speak 
more correctly, from substantives in evs, which indicate 
a person ; as, ^aa-iXetd, lepetd, iravhoKeid : — (The asser- 
tion of Grammarians, that Upeia was accented Upela by 
the old Attics, is groundless). 

In abstract substantives derived from adjectives in 7)s', 
viz. akrjOeid, vyieud, aae^eid, hvaae^eLa, evak^etd, ev- 
Kkeidy ev/jLuOecd, arvvrjOeid, (piKoKepBevd' yet we find 
evKXeia in ^schylus, vyceld in Aristophanes and others ; 
and in Homer the long termination en) generally occurs. 

In compounded poetical adjectives, which occur as 
feminines only 3 as in the Homeric evTraTepecd and Bvaa- 
pioTOTOKecd, in rjBveTretdy ^eairveiretd, KaXKiTOKeidy &c. 

In the feminine terminations of adjectives in vs ; viz. 
I3a6eld, yXvKeld, rjBeld, rjfjLla-eid, ^i]\eLd, Xlyeid (after- 
wards \iyeld,) o^eld, oDKcld, with the word e\a%eta (after- 
wards iXaxeldj) which occurs but once. 



13 



Obs. We must naturally include the word OdXcia, one of the 
Muses, and the old adjective SciXeia, the feminine of an obsolete ad- 
jective ^aXvs, to distinguish it from eakid, the name of one of the 
Graces, and the appellative SaXi'a. 

(c) Of words in td, 

Only in adjectives of two syllables, Bid, td, and fild, 
with she^id and yLtT/SeyLtta, in the two trissyllable feminines 
ofLTTVid and TTOTvid, and in the two Proper Names Ad/juid 
and UoXv/jLvcd, It is true that modern Poets have allowed 
themselves other licences of this sort, but none of them 
have been received into general use. 

In female appellations of three or more syllables, de- 
rived from masculines in rijp, and ending in rpta ; viz. 
avXrjTpidf 6p')(r)(7Tpid, '>^d\rpid, rv/jLTravlaTpid. 

(d) In substantives of three or more syllables in oid, 
compounded of Pbs, vss, ttXss, itvhs, and the obsolete 
XP^s (%/3fW9) j viz. EvjSoid, MeXipoid, Tlepl^oid, avoid, ey- 
void, dr^yivoid, aifKoid, evTrXotd, evvrvotdy ev')(^poid. In 
words derived from vss, irXss, and %/3coy, the last syllable 
is often long, and even in the Attic Poets avoid and 
ayvoid occur, which are old Attic forms. 

(e) In some substantives in vid, which have either 
the circumflex on the penultima, or the acute on the an- 
tepenultima; viz. fjuvld, Kwofjuvod, atOvud, ElXelOuid, Q^pei- 
6vid; but in the feminine termination of the perfect 
participle active, without exception ; viz. elhvld, XeXaKvld, 
/Be/Savld. 

Obs. Concerning- ayvia and opyvia, vld. infra, 2. i. 

(f) In substantives in ^a and 8d, when they are not 
Proper Names, and when a consonant precedes 8 or ^ ; 
viz. dpBd, fJbdXOd, /uLivOd, vdcpOd, ciKavOd, KoXoKvvdd. 



14 



(g) In substantives in \d, 

If the diphthong av precedes the termination Xa ; viz. 
vavKd, iravXd, avdiravKd. 

When X is doubled 5 viz. ^BeXkd, ^KvXKd, -^vWd, 
aeWd, afiaXkd, hlKeSXd, ^ueXXa, XpucrtXXa, and other 
polyssyllable Proper Names. 

When another consonant precedes X ; viz. TplyXd, 
Though Grammarians in this case prefer the termination 
V' 

fh) In substantives in fid, when another consonant 
pi'ecedes the fi ; viz. ^epfjud, rokfid, Topfid. 

(i) In words in vd, 
When the vowels i or v, or the diphthongs at, ei, ev, 
or ot precede, as Atycvd, d/ivvd, a-lyvvd, AaKaivd, fivpaivd, 
Piireivd, ripetvd, epevvd^ heairoivd', yet the termination 77 
in words closing with iva is preferable. 

When a second v or another liquid precedes v ; viz. 
yevvdy AtKrvvvd, ^HpLvvdj KipKLPvd, ^tKcvvd, and other 
Proper Names of women, with irpv^vd, /juipifjuvd, MijOv/juvd, 

^fJLVpvd. 

When a h precedes the 2/; viz. Ylvhvd, 6%t5m. 
Wherever any other consonant precedes, the termination 
Tf is preferable. 

(k) In words in pd, 
When the diphthong ai, precedes p ; viz. Malpd, <T(f>al' 
pd) fid'X^aipdy veaipd, \oy(kaipd. 

When the diphthong eu precedes p ; viz. (1) In radi- 
cal words of two or three syllables ; viz. irelpd, airelpd, 



15 

a-relpd, Weipa, which are known by either the circumflex 
on the penultima, or the acute on the antepenultiraa; 
(yet aireipa as well as airelpd is found). (2) In all femi- 
nine forms in etpa which proceed from masculines in rjp ; 
viz. Kpdvreipd, irieipd, TCvaKTetpd, lo^evTeipd, Trporjy^TeLpd' 
especially in adjectives and Proper Names of women 
compounded of dvijp ; viz. dvndvecpd, ^wTidveipd^ KvBtd- 
V€Lpdj ArjLaveLpd, Idvetpd, Merdvetpd. 

When the diphthong oi precedes p^ as fiolpa, which is 
the only example of this termination. 

When the diphthong ou precedes the p in words of 
three or more syllables ; viz. dpovpd, /cvvoaovpa, likewise 
in the word Bovpd, the name of a place. 

When a long v precedes the p ; viz. acpvpd, dy/cvpdy 
ye<f>vpd, KepKvpdy oXvpd, {KoXkvpa alone has the ultima and 
penultima long, and consequently the acute on the pen- 
ultima) . 

In Proper Names with the double p ; viz. Klppd, 
Mvppd, Ilvppd. — (Respecting Tdvaypa and arKoKoirevZpdy 
vid, infra, 2. (o), Ohs.) 

(I) In substantives in ad and aa-d ; viz. atcrd, Kvlad, 
M5(7a^ Iliad, ^ApiOsad, '^rjaad, Kprjacrd, oaad, nriaa-d, 
Pvcrad, likewise in the feminines of adjectives in ets ; viz. 
BuKpvoeaad, Xa'^^vijeaad, -yfroXoecra-d, and in all feminine 
participles ending in <7a ; yiz. (ffipsad, fjuetSicoa-d, dvva-aad, 
pXif)6el(Td, — (On the other hand, the feminines of adjec- 
tives in aos and aaos all end in t) ; viz. ^leaTj, hiaarj, 
Xlaar)* and also words which have a p before the a pre- 
fer the termination t? ; viz. epar], iepar), Kvparj), 



16 



(m) In substantives in fa, fa, and '>^d^ because in 
these a o precedes a by power of the double consonant; 
viz. Tri^d, KOpv^d, fiv^d, afia^d, Bl-yjrd, 

(n) In substantives in rd and rrd', viz. hlaird, vtjt- 
rd, '\frrJTTd, and universally where the Attics change the 
Ionic termination cra-a into rra, as in ^aXarra. 

Obs. The most ancient Epic writers, who are followed by the 
moderns, frequently len^hen the a, which according to the above 
Rules is short, by changing- it into t), {Vid. supra, 1. a. h. and d.) 
Tlie Dorians on the contrary change the termination rj into a long a. 

2. Alpha is long^ 

(a) In a few substantives in ad ; viz. i\da, Nauo-t- 
Kad, AOt} vdd. 

(b) In words of three or more syllables in aid, 
which are either lengthened forms of substantives in t; ; 
viz. akicaid, fycCkTjvald, AOrjvald, from oXki], fyaXrjvrj, kOrjvr), 
or the feminine of adjectives in aios ; viz. repaid, hiKaid, 
heCKaid, The feminine dvriTrepatd in the Alexandrian 
Poets is an exception. 

(c) In all substantives in ed, which have commonly 
the acute on the penultima, and more rarely on the last 
syllable ; viz. Pea, TrreXea, alyaved) yeved, ^ed' likewise in 
the feminine of adjectives in eos, as^pvo-ea, \evyaXidy <f)oi- 
raked. 

(d) In some words in eid ; viz. 

In a few radical words of two syllables ; viz. ^eid, 
\eldy %/3eta, fjuveid, Peta, 

In all substantives acuted on the last syllable; viz. 

^€id, irapeid, ^op^eid^ 



17 

In some lengthened forms of Ionic substantives from 
neuters in os ; viz. e7%€/a, eX€7%€ta, oveiBeld, from €7%oy, 
6\67%oy, 0V61B09' yet the Ionic form in eirj is far more 
usual. 

In abstract substantives derived from words in cvcd ; 
viz. dyveldy avBpeld, ^aaiXeldy Xarpeid, iropeid. 

Especially in the feminines of all adjectives in eios ; 
viz. Poeid, fiporeid, lopyeid. — (The Author of the Tragedy 
Rhesus has alone ventured the feminine 'EfCTopeld.) 

fe) In all words in la which have the acute on the 
penultima^ or, what is less frequent, on the ultima; aS 
well in substantives ; viz. ra/jLid, ao^ld, Kovid, o-TroSodf 
KoXid, alfiacnd, as in feminine terminations of adjectives 
in L09; viz. akld, TroXid. — (Very recent Poets alone take 
the liberty of occasionally violating this rule.) 

(f) In a few substantives in od, whether they have 
the acute on the ultima, or the penultima; viz. irod, 
Xpody pod) arod, 

(g) In radical words of two syllables in oid ; viz. 
Tpoid, TTvold, potd, %/3ota* and in the feminine termina- 
tions of all adjectives in 0109; viz, oid, iroid, rold, d\- 
\old. — (Very recent Poets alone occasionally use the last 
syllable of the feminines, old and Trold, short.) 

(h) In substantives in vd; viz. yvd^ Kapvd, olavdy 
o-iKvd' a class which is not numerous. 

(i) In substantives in vidj only when the acute is on 
the ultima ; viz. fir^rpvidy dyvid, opyvid, (In the two last 



18 

words the quantity and accentuation fluctuate between 

ayvid and d'yvidy opyvtd and opyvcd.) 

(k) Jn a few substantives in wa ; viz. (wa, aKtad, 

(J) In Proper Names of women in hd and ^5 ; viz. 

Arjtd, ravv/x7]8d, AvSpofxeSd, KLacraCOd, ^i/jialOd, Mdpdd, 

(?nj In a few Proper Names of women in \d ; 
viz. TeXd, ^CkoiirfKd, and in the two substantives, d\a\d 
and (TKavhdXd, 

(n) In a few Proper Names of women in ^d -, viz. 

AtoriiJLd. 

(o) In words in pa. 
When either e, or a short a or v, precedes p ; viz. 
rjfiepd, dpd, X^P^> KiOapd, ^vpd, \vpd, 7ropff>vpd, ^CKvpa, 
— (Respecting KoXkvpa, vide supra , I. a. 1. k.) 

When either tj or w precedes p ; viz. "Hpd, Trrjpd, 

')(COpd, OTTCOpd, 

When the diphthong at, precedes p in the single word 
eralpd, probably instead oferapdy from 6Tap0 9. {Fide supra, 
1. a. 1.A-.) 

When the diphthong av precedes p ; viz. avpa, \avpa, 
aavpd. 

When the diphthongs et, ev, or ov, precede p in dis- 
syllables; viz. Setpd, aeLpdy vevpdy irXevpa, spa, (I>p8pd, 
— In general the ultima is acuted. 

When a second consonant precedes p ; viz. iiirpd, 
irerpd, vhpd, AtOpd, 'HXeKTpd, <^aiSpd, especially in Pro- 
per Names of women compounded of dvijp ; viz. 'Avrdu^ 
Spdj EvdvBpd, KacradvBpd, — (The ultima is short in Tdpa- 



19 

r^pa, and aKoXoTrevSpd. Recent Poets use the same license 
in iraTpa. 

In feminine terminations of all adjectives in pos, whe- 
ther they are acutedin the ultima^ penultima, or antepen- 
iiltima of the nominative masculine ; viz. aicpd, hipd, 
(j)o^epdj (j)\avpd, fioxOr^pd, 'jrovrjpd. 

I. The Termination of the Nominative Singular 
OF Masculines. 

(1) Alpha is always long in the common termination 
d9; yiz/'r\ds,Bopid9yVeavlds,'EpfjLeLd9. — (Modern Poets 
take the liberty of occasionally shortening the syllable as 
in Proper Names.) 

(2) The Epic termination d is always shorty and can 
only be lengthened by position ; viz. iTnrord, (dveard, 
aKaiCTjTdy evpvoTrd, firjjUrd, Kvavo-)(cuTd, v€(l>€\7jy€peTd ; 
likewise in the vocative. 

II. The Termination of the Genitive Singular. 

(1) The feminine termination of genitives in as is 
always long* 

(2) In the masculine, the termination do, peculiar to 
the old Doric Poets, has a always long, whether the 
nominative ends in rjs or in as', viz. Bopiao, ^ArpeiSdo, 
Opia-rdo. It obtains this quantity from the Doric genitive 
in d, which is the contracted termination ao ; viz. at%- 
firjrd, ^ArpelSd, opvidodrjpd, 

III. The Termination of the Dative Singular. 

This termination, a, is, as the Iota subscript denotes, 
always long. 

1) 2 



20 



IV. The Termination of the Accusative. 

(1) The quantity of the feminine termination in au 
depends on that of the nominative in a. If short in the 
nominative, it is also short in the accusative, and vice 
versa. 

(2) The masculine termination du is always long. 

V. The Termination of the Vocative Singular. 

In feminines, the vocative in a depends entirely upon 
the quantity of the nominative. (Except vvfx<f>r], which 
Homer uses short in the vocative, vvfiipd' also in the 
Alexandrian Poets the vocative Kspd, Dor. Kwpa, for the 
Ionic /caprjy Attice Koprj.) 

VI. Alpha is always long in the terminations of the no- 

minative, accusative, and vocative dual, 

VII. In the genitive plural, the old Doric genitive in 
dcdv has the a always long ; viz. oBvvdcov, ^edwv, 
/jbekLcrcrdcov, dStvdcov, da-TTLo-Tawv, This arises of 
course from the Doric form dv, contracted from 
dwv. The length of this termination is however 
always determined by the circumflex 3 viz. /loipdv, 
Moiadv, ^Arpethdv, 

VIII. The termination ds is always long in the accusa- 
tive plural. The Doric Poets, according to some 
authorities, use it short; yet even with these it 
occurs much more frequently in the feminine, 
than in the masculine. 



21 



IOTA. 

Iota occurs in two ways in the terminations of the 
second declension : — 

1. In the Epic inflexion of the gen. and dat. singu- 
lar, and in the plurals r](j>l and ycptv, — 

2. In the old datives plural in yal and ya-Xv^ or 
accrl and aiatv. It is short in all cases. 



ALPHA. 

Alpha occurs only in the terminations of the nom. 
ace. and voc. of neuter plurals in the third declension, 
and is always short. For in forms such as Kava, oa-Ta, 
aifKoiy the long termination is caused by the contraction 
ea into a; viz, Kavia, oarrea, aifKoa, 

Obs, Respecting the feminine termination in aa>v, Vide supra, 
VII. 

IOTA. 

Iota occurs In three ways in the termination of the 
third declension : — 



1. In the Epic extension of the gen. and dat. dual, 



ottv.- 



2. In the Epic inflection of the gen. and dat. sing. 
and plur. o^t and o<f)tv. — 

3. In datives plur. in oial and oiaXv, It is in all 
cases short. 



SEC. III. 



RULES FOR THE QUANTITY OF THE DOUBTFUL 
VOWELS. 



A. — In the Terminations of Substantives. 

ALPHA. 
I. In the Nominative Singular. 

(1) The termination a, which belongs to neuters 
exclusively, is in the nom. ace. and vocative always short } 
viz. acofidy 'TTpdyfid^ fiifi7j/jid» 

Exception,-^The Attic word Kcipa has the ultima long. 

(2) The termination av. 

In the masculine termination dv, genitive dvo^, the 
a is constantly long 5 viz. Ildp, Traidv, Tcrduy Alvidv 
likewise in compounds ; viz. 'Epfioirdvy ewraldv. 

In the neuters of adjectives in as, and genitive dvo9, 
the termination dv, in the nom. ace. and vocative, is 
short} viz. fieXdu^ jdXdv, 



9?. 



Likewise the termination dv, in participles in as, ge- 
nitive avTos, is always short; viz, (fx^XTJcrdv, XaXTJa-dpy 
iardv, Pdv, 

Obs. The a in the neuter irav, genitive TravrSs, is long", as the 
circumflex shows ; yet in the extended forms, viz. arrav, ndfiirav, 
Tonav, TTponav, avfiTrav, eViVai/, napdnav, it is generally used short : 
likewise in the compounds in which nau precedes ; viz. Trdpd^ios, 
irdvapia-Tos. (napdnakos in the Odyssey is lengthened merely by the 
arsis, and by the aid of the liquid which accompanies it.) 

(3) The termination ap. 

In monosyllables in ap, the a is always long ; viz. Kap, 
'tjrdp' and likewise in the oblique cases. 

In words of two or more syllables of all genders the 
termination ap is always short ; viz. okKap, Bdfjbdp, lap, 
TjiMap, Tjirdp, fiaKap, veKTap' and likewise in the oblique 
cases :— except that the Attics use the ultima of aredp 
and (f>pedp long. 

(4) The termination as. 

In the masculine termination as, genitive avros, whe- 
ther acuted on the ultima or penultima, a is long ; viz. 
Alas', "ArXay, ylyds, eXe^ay, dvSplds, l/nds' likewise in 
the masculine of participles in as, avros ; viz. rv-^ds, <f>L- 
"Kricrds, irapdaTds' in the adjective irds, gen. iravTos* 
likewise in the few circumflexed words in as, gen. avros; 
viz. TXicrcrds, and the word \ds, contracted from \das' 
moreover in the substantive Kpds, gen. Kpdros, and in 
words formed from Kepavvvfii ; viz. dXUpds, fjueXUpds, 
XaX/coKpds, gen. dros' lastly in the two adjectives fjueXds 
and rdXds, gen. dvos, (The Dorians alone use the ulti- 
ma of raXa^ short.) 



24 

In words in as, gen. aZos, whether they are of the 
common or only the feminine gender, a is short ; viz. 
Apfcdsy iOds, 'EWay, Xafiirds, ^vpids, ^v^ds, and also 
in the oblique cases. 

In the termination of neuters in as, gen. aros and dos, 
a is always short ; viz. Zeirds, Bipds, Kepds, o-iXds, ripas, 
and generally in the oblique cases. 

The termination as in the two irregular masculines 
"Xcids and /juiyds is short. 

II. In thb Dative Singular, a occurs in a few con- 

tractions only 3 viz. yrjpa, heira, for jrjpai, heiral, 
and is long by nature in all these cases. 

III. In the Accusative Singular^ a is generally short 

in masculine and feminine terminations, and always 
in neuters ; likewise in the two accusatives in av, 
Xddv and fjueydv, which retain the short termina- 
tion of the nominative. (Fide supra, I. 4.) 

JSxceptioiis. 

1. Alpha is long in the accusatives of words in evs ; 
viz. /SaatXed, linred, Uped, <^oved, xod, in Attic Greek. 
The lonians, on the contrary, usually shorten the ultima, 
and lengthen the penultima 5 \iz, l3aaL\7Jd/Axi''>^-r]d. But 
the short termination of (jyovid occurs in Euripides, and 
the Epic writers too sometimes use the a short, in case 
a short vowel precedes, though the coalition id — rj is 
more in use. 

2. Likewise the a in the accus. is lengthened by 
contraction. In Proper Names in 7}s derived from kXcos; 



25 

viz. 'ETeoKXea, 'UpaKXia, Uepi/cXid, Epic ivriters cer- 
tainly prefer the termination 7]a, yet they shorten a if a 
short vowel precedes. 

Alpha is long, 
In adjectives in 7/y derived from Sios, /cXeos, %peo^, 
and similar words ; viz. ivBea, virephea, aK\ea, SvaKXea, 
euKXea, axp^a, €v4>vd : — yet in this case the Attics and 
modern Poets admit the short a, and alter the accent 
accordingly. 

IV. In the Vocative Singular. 

(1) The termination a in the vocative is always 
short. 

(2) The termination av in the vocative : — 

dv is long in words which have dv in the nomina- 
tive with the acute on the ultima, and in their com- 
pounds. {Fide supra, I. 2. .) 

dv is short in masculines in as, gen. avros; viz. 
Aidv, ylydv and in the two adjectives, fieXdu and rdXdv, 
and in their compounds. {Fide supra, I. 4. ) 

V. In the Nominat. Plural, the ending a occurs in 
neuters only, and is short ; viz. arijOed, a-Tofiard, 
dared, irdaed' likewise in the accus. and vocative : 
also in the abbreviated forms, hnpd, Kepd, Kped, for 
Bspara, Kepara, k pear a, &c. 

Exceptions. 

1. In neuters in eoy, as heos, Kkeos, cnreos, %peoy, 
a is long by contraction in the nom. accus. and voc. 

E 



26 

plural ; viz. Bia, /cXici, &c. On the contrary it is fre- 
quently shortened in Epic poetry. 

2. Likewise in neuters in d9, gen. aos or aros, like 
fyepds, Beirds, K€pd9, Kpeds, arekd^, a is long by contrac- 
tion ; viz. <yepd, Kepd, Kped, Here also the Epic writers 
shorten a, which even with the Attics is doubtful. 

VI. In the Accus. Plural, the termination of mascu- 
lines and feminines is generally short ; likewise in 
the Ionic termination ids, which is formed from 
the resolution of eis -, viz. iroKids, ^dphids. 

Exceptions, 

1. The termination of the accusative plural a9, from 
words in evs, is long 5 viz. lepea?, iTnTeds' yet with the 
Attics only; for the lonians lengthen the penultima, and 
shorten the ultima; viz. lepTJds, iTTTrrjdy. They also 
sometimes use the termination short, after the short 
vowel. {Fide s?ipra, III. 2. a.) 

2. The termination of the accus. plural of personal 
pronouns, rj/jud^, vixds, a(^ds, is long, as the circumflex 
denotes. Yet quantity^ and consequently accent, are 
both altered, as rj^ds, vp^ds, a<f>ds' and independently of 
this, the Poets use the forms, 17/xap, vfidsj a<^ds, with a 
short ultima. 



IOTA. 

I. In the Nominative Singular. 

(1) The termination I, which belongs to neuters ex- 
clusively, is always short, in the nom. accus. and voc. of 



27 

the few existing examples ; viz. fxeXi, alvrjirl' likewise 
in the neuter of adjectives -, viz. iSpl, dxctpl' and in the 
pronoun rl and rC, with its compounds, btc, /Mijrl^ &c. 

Except that in names of letters which themselves 
end in c, ^2, irl, ^l, xh i^h ^^^ the abbreviated form 
Kpiy the L is long. 

(2) The termination Iv, gen. cvo9, has o long; viz. 
rfKayxiv, BeXcplv, Te\%tV. However the termination is is 
more common. 

(3) The termination C9, 

(a) In the monosyllable substantives, kis and XU, 
and in the adjective Xisy t is long. (Some old Gramma- 
rians write the substantive \ls with a circumflex, Xh.) 

(h) In radical words in h, gen. Ivos, which have 
the acute on the ultima, t is long; viz. h, ^U, pis, 
aKTi$, ryXcoxU, ScXcffL^, ooBls' aud likewise in the oblique 
cases : likewise in all adjectives which are compounded 
of such substantives, and have the acute on the penulti- 
ma ; viz. evpls, ^pfo-a/crts", apuaroihls. 

Except the pronoun ris rivos, and tIs tivos, whose 
I is always short. 

(c) In dissyllables in tp, gen. IBos, which have the 
acute on the ultima, and the first syllable long either by 
nature or position, i is commonly long in all cases ; 
viz. d-ylrls, fiaXpis, KVi^fiU, KpTjiris, cr^pa'yis, yjrrjcfiU' like- 
wise in trisyllables which have the acute on the ultima ; 
viz. ^arpaxi^, /SXecpapls, Kavovis, Kepapbis, TrXoKapbls, pacfia- 
vis' and in all adjectives compounded of such substan- 
tives. Yet we find a considerable variation in the quantity 

e2 



28 



of such words, which must be learnt from each individual 
instance. 

(d) In radical words in Is, gen. Wos, which liave 
the acute on the penultinia, i is long in all the cases ; viz. 
dy\l9) BeWh, fiep/xls, opvls. (However l is occasionally 
short with tlie Attics, and more recent Epic writers.) 

(e) In all words of three or more syllables in Xs, 
which have eccs in the Attic genitive, Ion. tos, t is short ; 
viz. ixdvrls, iroXts, iroaXs, NeyLtecrty, Xhpls. 

(f) In most radicals in Uj gen. Ihos (unless they 
belong to 3. c), and Xtqs, even where the accent falls, 
L is short in all the cases ; viz. lldpXs, epXs, %a/)ty. The 
same is observable universally in feniinines in is, gen. 
tSoy, which are derived from a word of the first Declen- 
sion, or a masculine, and are acuted on the ultima; viz. 
cLKpls, /5oXty, TV pawls, crrparrjyls, 'EWijvls' also in Pro- 
per Names of women accented in the same manner, in 
Patronymics, and in feminine adjectives derived from 
other forms ; viz. Aats, <i^vWls, 'ArXavrls, UeXoirLs, Tav^ 
ToXis, ^otfirjis, HeXcayTLs, and in adjectives of two or one 
termination in ls, gen. iBos or iros', viz. ccuoXkXs, et'^apty^, 
BlkXXs. 

II. In the Dative Singular, 

Iota is always short ; viz. dvhpl, yvvacKl, iraihL, alwvt, 
BalfJLOvX. 

Except the few cases where a double i in the 
dative has been contracted into a single long one ; viz. 
Kvijarl, fnjrl, fidarl, Qirl, &c. Very recent Poets take 
the liberty of shortening even this t. In the Doric 



29 



datives singular of pronouns of the first and second 
person, i^iv, riv, and Tetv, c is always long, notwith- 
standing some authorities shorten the c in retV. Tiic 
unusual Doric dative in pronouns of the third person, tv 
(not tV), is used short by Pindar. (Compare inf, VIT. Obs.) 

III. In the Accusative Singular, 

The termination Xv is always short ; viz. icovXv, fido-rlv, 
iroXlv, (ftvalv likewise in the poetic forms of the pro- 
nouns of the third person, filv and vlv. 

In the two monosyllable accusatives^ \2v and kiv, i 
is long. Respecting tlie neuter accusative in l, vide 
supra, I. 1. 

IV. In the Vocative Singular, 

lota is generally short ; viz. fidvrX, veavX, (pdrX, ^'ABcovX, 
Ad<f)pX, AvcnrapX, KvirpX, Nefieal, 

V. In the Epic extended form of the genitive and dative 

dual in oilvy instead of olv, as iroholXv, c is always 
short j likewise in the second declension. 

Obs. Likewise t is always short in the duals of 
personal pronouns, vcol and a(f>coi, vcolv and (k^wIv, as the 
circumflex denotes. 

VI. In the Nominat. Plural, l occurs only in the ter- 

mination l9j contracted from te?, in which it is long 
by nature -, viz. opvls, 6(f)is, iroXis. The same holds 
good with regard to the accusative in Is, contracted 
from las. 



30 

VIF. Ty THE Dat. Plur. t is always short; viz. dvSpd- 
alf yuvac^Lj racai, alwaX, Bal/jLoal' and likewise 
w^itli the appended v, dvhpdcrlvy &c. 

Ohs. In the dative plur. of the pronouns of the first and second 
person, T]y.'Lv and viilv, i was originally Ion"-. But wherever these 
datives are enclitic, the forms ^^Xv and vnXv occur in Epic and 
Attic Poets with the final syllable short. Likewise in the Doric 
forms, T)^Lv and v/xtV, and the iEolic, a^fxXv and aixfu^ v^fiXv and vfi/xXf 
t is always short. Also the pronouns of the third person, a^io-iy 
(r<f)iaiv, a(j)LV. 

VIII. Respecting the contracted termination Is in the 
accusative plural, vid. supra, VI. 



UPSILON. 

I. In the Nominative Singular. 

1. The termination v, which belongs to neuters exclu- 
sively,, is constantly short in the nom. accus. and voc. 5 
viz. da-TV, yovv, ttwv. The same holds good in adjectives 
in vs ; viz. ^adv, rjBv, ^rjXv, ij/jutcrvy and iu the pronoun 
avy Dor. TV. 

Exception. — Upsilon is long in the indeclinable 
word 7/31), which however may be an adverb, and in 
names of letters ending in v, (xv, vv, v. 

2. The termination vv. 

(a) According to most of the old Grammarians, 
V is long in the termination vv, gen. vvos; viz. TopTvv, 
fjiocrcrvv, ttoXtvv, ^opKvv. According to Herodian how- 
ever it is short iu the nominative, and long only in the 
oblique cases. 

(b) In the neuter of participles from verbs in v/jll. 



31 

the termination vv, gen. vvto9, v is sliort ; viz. BeiKvvv, 
^evyvvv, 

3. The termination vp appears to have heen used ge- 
nerally short, but occurs only in a few instances, such as 
fjbdpTvp and yfrlOvp. 

Exception!. — Ylvp, as the circumflex denotes, has 
V long in the nom. ace. and vocative; it appears also 
to have been used long in KipKvp. 

4. The termination vs. 

(a) Upsilon in such monosyllables as Spvs, fivs, 
(TVS, is long, as the circumflex denotes ; also in diminu- 
tives in vs ; viz. a'TT<f>vs and ^lovvs, the same naturally is 
true. The long v is however changed into a shoit one, in 
such oblique cases as exceed by a syllable the nomina- 
tive ; viz. hpvos, /jlv€s' but Bpvv, fivv. (Yet Hesiod uses 
Spvos at the beginning of a verse, and a few similar ex- 
ceptions occur in later writers.) 

(bj In radicals of two or more syllables in vs, gen. 
ijos, which have the acute on the ultima, v is long in the 
nominative, and in the accusative vv; viz. a^Xus-, Wvsy 
t%^vs, kXltus, Xtyvvs, vrjBvs, 6(f)pvs, iBrjTus, ^Epivvvs, Po- 
etical usage however sometimes shortens the long final 
syllable, and causes an exception. The same which holds 
good in the case of these radical words is not uncondi- 
tionally observed in adjectives compounded with them, 
in which the short termination is much more frequent. 

(cj In the masculine of participles of verbs in vfii., 
the termination vs, gen. vvtos, is long ; viz. SeiKvvsy 
oWvs, KaTaBvs. 



32 

(d) In substantives in i>9, gen. vos, whose ultima 
is not accented, v is short in all cases ; viz. r^hijs, ^r\pvs, 
ard-^vs, ireXeKvs, 

(e) In all substantives in vs, which have os impure 
(a consonant before the syllable os) in the genitive, v is 
short in all the cases -, viz. fxaprvs, -vpos, Trrfkafivsy -vhos, 
')(\a/jLV9, ^vSo9, Kopijs, -vOos, 

Except the two words Sayvs, -vBoSf and kcojjlvs, 
-vOos, which have v long in all the cases. 

(f) In the masculine termination of adjectives in 
vs, eia, V, V is always short ; viz. /SaOm, rjSvs, ^^Xi/y. 

II. In the Dative Singular, v never occurs, 

III. In the Accusative Singular, 

1. The termination vv is long, 

fa) In monosyllables, Bpvv, jjlvp, <tvv, as the cir- 
cumflex denotes. (Compare supra, I. 4. a,) 

(b) In radicals in vs of two or more syllables, which 
make the genitive in vos, and have the acute on the ulti- 
ma. (Vide supra, I. 4. b.) Poetical usage causes an ex- 
ception in a few cases ; viz. l')^vv in Pindar, and in the 
words dy\vv and vtjBvv, 

2. The termination ijv is short, 

(a) In all substantives in vs, the last syllable of 
which is not accented; viz. Kopvv, Trrjxyv, o-Taxvv, ttc- 
"KeKvv. (Compare supra, I. 4. d.) 

(b) In the masculine of all adjectives in vs ', viz. 

jSa^vv, rjhvv, ^TjKvv, rj/jLcavv, evara'xjuv, "KevKOcjypvv. (Com- 
pare supra, 1. 4./.) 



33 

The accusative generally follows the quantity of the 
nominative. (Respecting the neut, accus, in u, vid, supra, 

1. 1.) 

IV. In the vocative siiig, the termination v, which is of 

comparatively rare occurrence, appears to follow 
closely the quantity of the nominative ; hence 
1%^^} with a long ultima 5 but jSorpv, Trpeo/Sv, crrd- 
yvy iroKvGTayy, short. 

V. In the nominative plural, v occurs only in the termi- 

nation vs, contracted from ve9, in which it is long- 
by nature; viz. kXltvs, of^pvs, yivvs* The same 
holds good respecting the termination of the ace. 
V9, contracted from va^, 

VI. Respecting the contracted termination of the accu- 

sative, vide V. 



SEC. IV, 



SPECIAL RULES FOR THE QUANTITY OF THE 
DOUBTFUL VOWELS. 



A. — L\ THE Terminations of the Declensions. 

In the ohllqne Cases of Imparisi/llahlcs, which are formed from 
the Genitive Singular, retaining in the other Cases the same 
Quantity. 



ALPHA. 

I. In the gen. a^os, from the nominative a-^^r, a is usual- 

ly short ', viz. (fxi^^ ^d^os, "Apa-xjr -djBos, &c. 

II. In the gen. ayo9, from the nominative a^, 

1. Alpha is long in masculine monosyllables; viz. 
pd^ pay 6 9. 

2. Alpha is shorty 

. (a J In feminine monosyllables ; viz. o-rd^ (the 
nom. out of use,) a-rdyos. 

(h) In words of two or more syllables \ viz. dpira^ 
apirdyos, XaXaf, 'Kara^, rerpa^. 

III. In the gei\. aBo9, from the nom. ds, of the feminine 

gender, (Sec. III. Alpha, I. 4.) a is always short; 
viz. 'EWas", (fivyds -d8o9. 



35 



IV. In the gen. aKos, from the nom. a^, 

1. Alpha is long, 

(a) In masculine monosyllables ; viz. /3\af ^\d- 
Kos, TTTa^, (iEschylus has the accusative irraKa with a 
short a, but it is legitimate, inasmuch as he uses irra^ 
feminine.) 

(h) In many masculine dissyllables, particularly 
when the radical syllable is likewise long either by nature 
or position ; viz. ficofjLa^, ^(opa^, Kvcoha^, KovBa^, KopSa^, 
KpcojjLa^, \d^pa^, voo-cra^, ota^, irrfKa^, ifKovra^^ iropira^, 
o-To/KJja^, (Tvpcjya^, <^aia^, cfyopra^' in adjectives com- 
pounded with these substantives; viz. XivoOoopa^- in the 
contracted Ipa^, and the Doric fivpfia^ and opTra^. But 
occasionally also with a short radical syllable ; viz. /3a- 
^a^, via^, P^^fj (TToa^, (f>6va^, (jiXva^, g^n. dK09' Kizva^, 
or KajSa^, may be reckoned doubtful ; but the long quan- 
tity seems to predominate. 

KXwfjba^, K\Q)va^, Xelfxa^, fxelpa^, a-avaa^ or craOraf, 
gen. a/coy, are exceptions, in which words a is short, and 
the radical syllable thence circumiiexed. 

(c) In a few trisyllables and polysyllables; viz. 

lepa^, veoaaa^, opOLa^j ^EiriBaupa^, gen. a/coy. 

2. Alpha is short, 

(aj In feminine monosyllables; viz. Bpd^ BpaKos, 
K\d^y 7r\d^, (TTrd^. 

(b) In derivatives and diminutives of two syllables 
and of the feminine gender, whose radical syllable is long 
by nature; viz. av\a^, ^coXa^, ^plBa^, ^pcva^, tcXl^a^, 
filXa^, TrlBa^, aficXa^, and in adjectives compounded with 

F 2 



36 

such substantives ; viz. epi^coXa^, KKa<nfia)\a^, ttoXv-ttI- 
Saf, gen. ciKos. 

(c) In dissyllable derivatives and diminutives of 
both genders and two syllables, whose radical syllable is 
short, or only long by position ; viz. aySaf, dv6pa^, Sicppa^, 
cova^, KUfia^j KoXa^, Kopa^, Xdpva^, XlOa^, jjudara^, fivXa^y 
fivara^, ofi(pa^, irlva^, irvvBa^, aKvXa^, airdXa^, together 
with the trisyllable dairdXa^^ vcrcraf, <^u\af, xa/aaf, and 
in adjectives compounded with these substantives. 

Obs, The attempt to lay down simple, and at the same time de- 
cisive, rules for the termination aKos, has not yet succeeded. It 
would therefore be best for the present to fix in our memory the 
quantity of each individual example. 

V. In the genitive avos, 

1. From masculines in dv, (Sec. III. y^//?Aa, I. 4.) a 
is long; viz. Ildvy nraidvy rcrdv, gen. dvo9, 

2. In the trisyllable cases of fieXas and rdXds, a is 
short 3 viz. fieXdvos, &c. (Fide Sec. III. Alpha, I. 4.) 

VI. In the gen. aos^ from neuters in ds, (Sec. III. Alpha, 

I. 2.) a is always short ; viz. Kepas, aiXas, gen. dos. 

A very modern Poet has ventured /cepda. {Compare 
infra, IX. Obs. 1.) 

VII. In the genitive airos, from words in a-y^, a is ge- 
nerally short; viz. ^epaylr, XalXayfr, irXLvOo/Sd'^, 
gen. diTos, 

Except Spa-^ SpdTTos, and the Tarentine word Xd^lr, 
which have a long. 



37 

VIII. In the genitive apos, from words in ap, (Sec. III. 
Alpha, I. 3.) 

L Alpha is long in monosyllables 5 viz. 4'a/?, Kdp 
Kdpos, (In modern Poets a is short in the polysyllable 
cases of Kdp, likewise in Kde'ipa in the Iliad. — Respecting 
the disputed phrase^ eV Kdpbs alay, vide Schneider's Lex. 
voc. Kdp.) 

2. Alpha is short in words of two or more syllables ; 
viz, 'iap, /xdKapy veKrap, gen. dpos. 

Obs. Respecting a-reap and 4'peap, Vide infra, IX. Ohs. 3 ; and 
Sec. III. Alpha, I. 3. Ohs. 

IX. The genitive aTos, from neuters in d and as, (Sec. 

III. Alpha, I. 1. and 4.^ has a always short; viz. 
Sco/jia^ ofjLfia, TTpay/jua, arofjua, gen. dros. Irregular 
forms, such as oveipdra, and the like, together 
with the trisyllable cases of a-reap -dros, (ppelap 
and (j)piap -dros, follow this rule. 

Ohs. 1. In Anacreon and Euripides, in the forms Kepdra, Kepdre, 
and the compound l-^iKipdra, a is long. Hence the Epic extended 
form Kepdara, in Aratus and others, and repdara in Q. Smyrn. 
likewise the gen. Kparos, extended Kpdaros, dat. Kpdart, from the ob- 
solete word Kpds, in Homer. 

Obs. 2. Alpha is long in words compounded of Kepdvwpi ; viz. 
fieXUpds 'dros. (Vido Sec. III. Alpha, I. 4.J 

Obs. 3. With the Attics, the a of the irregular form (ppidros, 
from (ppeap, is usually long. 

X. In the dat. plur. dat, a is short. 

Except. — Alpha is long in the dative plural of all 
words in aj/ ai/os"^ dv avros, as avros, and as dros ', viz. 
Traidai, (^CKrjadGi, Ip^dai, peXUpdac. 



38 



IOTA. 

I. In the gen. l^os, from words in t-\/r, i is generally 

short; viz. Xt-^/r XljSos, 'xepvi-y^, evTpvy\r, olKorpv^^ 
iraihorpi-^y gen. l^os, &c. 

II. In the gen. l^os, from words in ff, 

1. Iota is long in dissyllables^ whose radical syllable 
is likewise long, either by nature or position ; viz. fida- 

2. Iota is short in monosyllables, in which two con- 
sonants precede the vowel ; viz. ttuI^ irvXyos, and in the 
compounds formed with monosyllable roots : viz. o-u/x/^t^ 
-lyos, 

III. In the genitive iBos, from words in l^, 

1. Iota is long in words which have a long c in 
the nominative also. (Fide Sec. III. Iota, I. 3. c.J 

2. Iota is short in the nmnerous class of words which 
have a short t in the nominative. (Vide Sec. III. lotay I. 
3./.) 

IV. In the gen. lOos, from the nom. in is, t, is always 

long. (Vide Sec. III. Iota, I. 3. d.) 

V. In the gen. lkos, from the nominative in tf, 
1. Iota is long, 

(a) In monosyllables, in which a consonant, or 
even no consonant, precedes the vowel; viz. I'f^ (\>i^'' 
<l>pl^ (f>piKos is an exception. 

(b) For the most part in dissyllables, whose radical 



39 



syllable is long by nature or position ; viz. di^, ^ijj.^L^, 
TrepSi^, oTKavBi^, cTTrdSL^, <j>olvi^, gen. Ikqs' and in adjec- 
tives compounded of these substantives 3 viz. irokval^, 
rpi')(ai^, gen. Ikos, 

Exception. — Xocvc^ has c always short 5 ©piji^ is used 
short in Homer, and common in later wnters. 

2, Iota is short in words in which a X precedes the 
vowel; viz. ^Xtf, KtXtf, kvXo^, arrdXi^, gen. Ikos, 

*'A\\l^ 'Ikos, in Euphorion, appears to be an excep- 
tion ; it belongs also to \. b. supra, 

VI. In the gen. ivos, from words in Iv and Is-, t is always 

long, (ride Sec. III. Iota, I. 2. and 3. b.) 

Exception. — The dative aTaixLveoa-iv is used in the 
Odyssey, for the sake of the verse, with a short i, 

VII. In the gen. los, from words in Is, i is always 
short; viz. e%t^, t^pis, jx^tis, gen. los. 

Obs. The old Grammarians maintfiin that i is long" in the dissyl- 
lable cases of the words kls and Xi's-, which are long also in the nomi- 
native ; but all the extant passages in the Poets decide for the short 
t. (Compare infra, Upsilon, VI.) 

VIII. In the gen. iiros, from words in L^^r, 

1. Iota is long in monosyllables ; viz. t-^, ^plyjr, uplyjr, 
pl^fr, gen. LTTos. 

2. Iota is short in polysyllables ; viz. rjXiyjr -tiros. 

IX. In the gen. cros, from words in t, t is always short ; 

viz. pi\i peXiros. 

X. In the gen. t(/)09, from the nom. ti|r, l is always short ; 



40 
viz. plyjr, (not used in the nom.) gen. mcjyo^, Karfj- 

\lyfr '1(1)05. 

XL In the gen. lx^s, from words in tf, 

1. Iota is long, 

(a) In monosyllables, in which a consonant pre- 
cedes the vowel ; viz. ^Jri^ yjrlxos. (* is not equivalent to 
two consonants in this instance.) 

(b) In dissyllables, whose radical syllable is long 
either by nature or position ; viz. opvi^ -'I'X^s. 

2. Iota is short in monosyllables, in which two conso- 
nants precede the vowel, and likewise in adjectives com- 
pounded of these substantives ; viz. ^ptf rplxos, and 
KaWC^pc^ /caWiTplxos, <ttI^, (not used in the nom.) gen, 

CTOXOS. 

UPSILON. 

I. In the gen. vyos, from the nom. vf, v is generally 

short; viz. Sri;^ ^Tvyos, ^pv^, aVrff, oprv^, irre- 
pv^' likewise in adjectives compounded with feu- 
yvfjLt ; viz. d^v^, ^l^v^, gen. vyos, &c. 
Exception, — Kokkv^ has KOKKvyos in the genitive. Ac- 
cording to the old Grammarians v was short in this word. 

II. In the gen. vBos, from the nom. vs, v is generally 

short; viz. irrfKaiivs, xXafivs, gen. vBos, 
Exception. — Aayvs BayvSos has v long in all tlie cases. 

III. In the gen. vOos, from the nom. V9, v i^ generally 

short ; viz. Kopvs KopvOos. 



41 

Exception,— KtofjLvs KWfivOos lias v long in all the 
cases. 

IV. In the gen. vkos, from the nom. u|, 

1. Upsilon is long in dissyllables, whose first syllable 
is long by nature ; viz. SolBv^, k^VP'^^j ktJv^, gexi. vkos. 

Exception. —An fiifjbfiv^, v is long, and in advBv^ and 
y3e/3pi;f, it is common. 

2. Upsilon is shorty 

(a) In monosyllables ; viz. irvv^ itvvkos' (yet irvK- 
v6s is the more usual form.) 

(b) In dissyllables whose radical syllable is either 
short, or long only by position ; viz. afjuirv^, "E/i^^?? fcakv^, 
gen. ij/cos. 

V. In the gen. vpo9, from the nom. vv, v is always long; 

viz. fjbocrcrvp, ^opKvv, gen. vvos. 

On the contrary, in kvvos, the gen. of kvwv, v is short. 

VI. In the gen. vo9, from the nom. ij and V9, v is always 

short, both in monosyllables, as Spvs, fivs, avs, and 
in polysyllables, as vairv, a')(\.vs, l")(Qvs^ fyivvs, yrjpvsy 
gen. V09, &c. whether v is long or short in the 
nom. (Compare Sec. III. Upsilon, 4. a. b, d.) 

VII. In the gen. vttos, from the nom. vy^, v is long; viz. 

r/pvy]r rypvTTOS, ryv-^lr fyv'rros, 

VIII. In the gen. vpos, from the nom. vp, v is generally 
short ; viz. irvp irvpos, /jidprvp, 'sJrlOvp, whether v is 
long or short in the nominative. 



42 

Kxception, — ^Tlie v of Kipxvp -vpos appears to have 
been used lon^. 

IX. In the gen. vxo9, from the nom. v^, v is always 
short; viz. tttv^, 6vv^, arovv^, gen. vx^s. 



B. — In the Inflected Syllables of Adjectives 
AND Pronouns. 



ALPHA. 

I. Alpha is, without exception, short in the termination 

of the superlative; viz. TnaroTaros, aocfxoTdros, 
\aXlaTdT09, &c. 

II. Alpha is always long in the radical syllable of the 

feminines, Trdaa and cuTrdaa' the same holds good 
in the feminine termination of all participles in as ; 
viz. ^covqcrdaay fyeXdcrda-ay ^dcra, crTaaa* 



IOTA. 

I. In the termination of the comparative icov, neut. lov, 
gen. LOV OS, 

1. Iota is commonly short in Homer, and in the old 
Epic writers ; viz. yXvKicov, KaKicov, alcrxtov^ dX^yXov, Kep- 
^lov, plylov. But it is worthy of remark that these 
Poets use the neuters in cov more commonly. 

2. Iota is common in the later Epic, Elegiac, and 
Epigrammatic writers. 

3. Iota is usually long in Attic Greek ; viz. KUKiav, 



43 

KaWlcov, TjSlov. We must look upon this as the legiti- 
mate and most usual quantity. 

Single exceptions occur, such as rfBlov in Euripides, 
with the short c of the Epics. 

II. Iota is short in the adjectives formed from the 
duals ; viz. vwtrepos, (7(l)Q)tTepos, 

UPSILON. 

I. In the terminations of comparatives and superlatives 
in vrepos, ijTaros, v is always short ; viz. jSpaxvTe- 
pos, ffS-VKyrepos, irpea^vrepos, Ta')(VTaT09, &C. 



C. — In thb Numerals. 

ALPHA. 

I. In the terminations of the indeclinable cardinal num- 

bers a is short; viz. eirrd, evved, BeKa^ Ba>BeKd, 
irevTijKOVTd, &c. 

II. In the antepenultima of TpidKovra, and in that of 

the ordinal rpcdKoo-Tos, a is long ; in reaaapa Kovra 
it is short. The remaining numerals have rj in- 
stead of a. 

III. The a in StdKoaioc and TpidKoaioi, is long; in rer^ 

pdKocTLoi and TrevrdKocrcoty short. In this instance 
too the ordinal numbers follow the quantity of the 
cardinals. 

g2 



44 



IV, In the termination dros, of the ordinal numbers 
evvdios, BeKaros, and in that of the adjectives of 
multiplication hnfKdo-iosy TpLirXdcnos, and in the 
Doric terminations dnoi and dri, as eUan, Sta- 
KCLTLOi, a is always short. 



IOTA. 

In the termination of numeral adverbs in ls and kls, 
abbreviated kl, l is always short 5 viz. ^[9, rpLs, TerpaKis^ 
rerpd/cty e^aKc, &c. 

Exception, — Hesiod uses rpis long in the arsis of the 
line. 



D. — In Indeclinable Words or Particles. 

ALPHA. 

I, In the termination of adverbs a is mostly short ; viz. 
in pd, al'y^dy dWd, afjud, apd, \ljdy fidXd, ped, 
Ta%a, pbaXiard, Kava^rjhd, &c. Likewise in the 
correlative particles evOd, rjvUd, irrjviKd, &c. and 
in the prepositions avd, hid, Kard, fjuerd, irapd, 
€veKd, 

Exceptions. 

1. Alpha is long in the termination of those adverbs 
which are more properly to be regarded as the datives 
feminine of adjectives ; viz. ISld, Brj/jboa-ld, &c. 

2. Alpha is always long in the termination of adverbs. 



45 

whose original ending was in tj ; viz. tcpixpa, Tripd, ovSa- 
fidy firjBafid. 

Obs. Kpv(f)a, XaOpa^ ovbafxd, and ixrjhafjLa, are found as neuter 
plurals with a short termination. 

3. Alpha is long in the Doric forms of the adverbs 
dfjbd, Kpv(j>d, iravrd' likewise in the Doric ku, instead of 
K6' and in the compounds alxd and oxd, 

Obs. On the contrary, a remains short in ttoku, omroKa, SKKoku, 
instead of Trdre, oTTTrdre, ahXorc, and in ya instead of ye. 

II. aV) in the termination of particles, 

1. Is long in the adverbs d^dv, Xldv, irepdv, in the 
Doric TTpdv, and in all words which are to be regarded as 
the original feminine accusatives 5 viz. fiaKpdv, 

A single instance of djdv with a short termination 
occurs in a modern Poet. 

2. Alpha is short in the particle du, likewise in the 
compounds ordp^ oiroTav, &c. and in idv, and the adverb 
nrdfiTrdv, 

Modern writers have used the termination of oTav 
long. 

3. Alpha is common in dv contracted from idv, yet 
it is far more usually long ; indeed some critics have en- 
tirely rejected the short termination. 

III. Alpha is always short in particles ending in ap ; 

viz. ^ap, drdp, avTap, d(f>dpy eWdp, avTrjfidp, ipj/rj- 
fJLapy Travrrj/jidp, 

IV. Alpha is short in adverbs ending in as ; viz. dyxas^ 

dvBpands, aTpifjbds, ireKds. Tlepds aloue has the 
a long. 



46 

V. Numeral adverbs of multiplication in aKis, abbrevi- 
ated aKi, have a always short; viz. rerpaKis, yi- 
\LdfCL9y TToXKaKts, TroaaKis. The same holds good 
in the terminations of adverbs of place in a%oi/ 
and axn J viz. Travraxov, TroWaxov, aWdxr}' and 
of the negative adverbs Hhdfiws, BBdfxQ, aSdfioOev, 

OvBdfJUT], JJ,7]BdfMa)9, &C. 

IOTA. 

1. 1. The Attic demonstrative Cy affixed to pronouns^ as 
ovToa-l, avrrjly ravrly oBl, eKetvoal, &c. and to the adverb 
ovTcocrly to vvvL and Sevpl, is always long. 

2. Iota is always short_, 

(a) In the dissyllable forms ht, Icpty valxh o^X^* 
vyt, 

(b) In the abbreviated forms a^pt, /^expt, X^Ph 
vocr^t, irdXt, TerpdKc, iroXkaKX, TroadKl, &c. instead of 
IV and is* (Vide infra. III. et supra, C. Iota.) 

(c) In adverbs of place in ^X 5 viz. KeWl, avToOl, oU 
K06I, KopivOoOl, &c. 

(d) In adverbs derived from verbs in fo), which are 
accented on the ultima; viz. AloXcarTL, ^Jaa-rl, AcopiaTiy 
fieXe'iaTL, ovofiaa-rt, &C. 

(e) In adverbs in an, formed by the extension of 
adverbs in (1)9; viz. lepcocrTl, fieyaXcoa-rl, vecoa-Tl, 

According to the old Grammarians, o was doubtful in 
these last. 

(f) In the prepositions d/ji(j)l, dvrl, ini, wepl, and 
in the extended forms ivl and irporL 



47 

3. lota is common in adverbs in t*, kti, and (tti, deri- 
ved from adjectives; viz. aKaKfjrly aKXavri, d/jLoyqrl, 
auarl, iyepri, aaTaKri, aarevaKTi, dvcolcrTL' yet in some 
passages the final syllable is changed into et, if it is long. 

II. The termination iv. 

1. The Attic demonstrative l is long, if o- precedes it; 
viz. ovToalv, eKeivoaii/, TBTsalv, and in the adverb Braa-lv. 
(Fide I. 1.) 

2. lota is short in the terminations of the adverbs 
TTplv, v6(7(j)LV, irdXtv, 

Exception. — Tlpiv occurs long, even in the thesis of 
the verse, in the old Epic writers. 

III. lota is always short in the adverbial termination is ; 

viz. d\is, dfjbvhls, \iKpi<f)ts, d'^^pcsj yLte^/ots", iroWdKis, 
&c. (Compare supra, C. Iota.) 

UPSILON. 

I. Upsilon in adverbial terminations is always short; 

viz. vv, €v6v, 7rdy')(^v, Trdvv, tt/jo^i/u, /jbera^v. 

In dvTLKpv alone, the last syllable is common. 

II. The termination vv, 

1. Upsilon is long in the adverbs vvv and vvifi. 

2. Upsilon is short in the prepositions avv, ^vv, in 
the enclitic vvv, and in rolvvv. 

III. The termination vs is commonly short in adverbs ; 

viz. i<y<yv9, ev^vs. 

In dvTLKpvs alone, the last syllable is common. 



SEC. V. 



RULES FOR THE QUANTITY OF THE DOUBTFUL 
VOWELS. 



E. — In the Verbs. 

ALPHA. 

I. Alpha is short in the following cases : — 

1. (a) In the termination of the first person of the 
perfect and first aorist active -, viz. 'ire<f)VKd, reOeiKa, Xi- 
Xrjda^ ervyjrd, i^lXTjad, ehoDKa, a<f)7\icd, 

(b) In the termination of the first person plural, 
passive and middle /i-e^a,Poetice and fieaOd lonice 3 viz. 

TVTTTOfJieOd, T6Tap7ra}fi€cr6d, 

(cj In the Poetic and Ionic affix crOdy in the second 
pers. sing. act. viz. ideXrjaOd, KKaioiaOd, olaOd. 

(d) In the termination of the third person of the 
aorist active, as abbreviated by the Epics ; viz. eKrd, nrd. 



49 

2. In the termination of the second sing, praes. 
Imperat. act. of la-TrjfiLf la-radv, and rerKadu 

3. In the terminations afiav, dfiev, afjcevac, dfirjv, d/xe- 
6a, dfievos, dfAevrj, dfievov. 

4. Universally in the termination dv, wherever it 
occm's. 

The terminations of the infinitives in dv, contracted 
from aecv, and coming from the present in aco, as yeXdv, 
Ttfidv, &c. (not yeXav, rifjuav,) and likewise in the extend- 
ed Epic forms dvTiddv, vacerddv, opddv, are of course 
exceptions. 

5. aval, the termination of the infinitive present of 
verbs in r)fii, and of a few irregularly formed praeterites, 
is short ; viz. laTdvav, reOvdvav, 

jEschylus alone on one occasion uses reOvdvav long. 

6. do, the termination of the second sing. aor. mid. 
has a short ; viz. eTxr^do, ifirivdo, 

7. ds, the termination of the second sing, of both 
praeterites and of the first aorist active in the indie, and 
optat. has a short. 

Except. — The contracted terminations as and as, of 
the second person present and imperf. from verbs in day -, 
viz. <f>v<Tas, i^vads, are of course exceptions ; likewise in 
the Epic extensions^ opdas, &c. 

8. The terminations daai, dadv, and d<ro, from verbs 
in 7]fii, have a short : da-dv is short in both syllables. 

9. The terminations aTat, are, dT7]v, dro, drov, drco, 
drttxrav, have a short. 

II 



50 

The contractions TLfjudraij yeXdre, &c. from verbs 
in acD, must of com-se be excepted. 

Obs. 1 . Hence arises the following rule : — The a which is short 
in tlie ultima and penultima of tlic historical tenses retains the 
same quantity in the forms in which it occurs in the penultima or 
antepenultima ; and even where the syllable is artificially length- 
ened, as in the terminations aa-Orjv, aadov, avro^ the vowel remains 
short. 

Obs. 2. In the Epic forms in which a long a is extended into 
aa, (See II. 1 . b. — I. 4. and 7. Except.) the first a is always short, 
while the second remains long ; viz. aaxoKaa, ^oad' except fievoivdd. 
XL r. 1 04. (Vide infra, F. Jlpha, Exc. 2.) 

II. Alpha is long in the following cases : — 

1. faj In the termination of the second person sin- 
gular of the aor. 2. imperat. active in the compounded 
forms of ^aLV(D and XaTrjfiL ; viz. Kardfid, irpo^d, dvd<TTd, 
irapdaTd. 

(h) Alpha and a are long in all the terminations of 
verbs in aco which are contracted from ae and aet -, viz. 
/3oa, /36a, eySoa* likewise in the Epic extended forms ad, 
aa, as dcrxaXGLa, ^odd, &c. (Compare I. 4. and 7« JSiXcep.) 

(c) In the contracted second person sing, of the 
first aorist middle^ as used by the Dorics ; viz. iird^d, 
for eTTTj^ao, Att, iinj^Q}, 

2. d9, the masculine termination of the first aorist 
part. act. from verbs in tj/mi,, has a long. (Vide Sec. III. 
Alpha, I. 4. a.) 

3. daa, the termination of the feminine participle of 
the first aor. act. from verbs in tjiml, has the first a long, 
the second short ; viz. ^ekdadad, Grdad. 



51 

4. d<n^ the termination of the third person plural perf, 
act. and of the present of verbs in (jll^ has a long ; viz. 
Tididat, larda-L, BeLKvvdai,, BcBodav, 

Yet Xenophanes, Antimachus, and Nicander, have 
used this a short. Moreover we find also ire^vKaai and 
\e\6^X^^^ in Odyss. vii. 114. and xi, 304. 



IOTA. 

The termination t or iv is universally short where it 
occurs in verbs, not only in the third person plur. of the 
present, perf. and fut. active, as in \ijsaly rrrecj^pUaaX, 
^ikijarsal, KrepiBal, but also in the first person pres. act. 
of verbs in [it, as tIOij/jlI, &c. in the third sing. pres. act. 
of verbs in fxc, as TiOrjal, iarl, (^rjai, &c. in the poetical 
affixed syllable o-t, as TrafjucpaivrjaX, &c. and in the impera- 
tives in ^t and rt; viz. icrTaOi, a-TrjOl, (f>dv7]0l, KiKkvOl) 
tv^Otjtc, TiderX. 

UPSILON. 
I. Upsilon is short in the following cases : — 

1. vd(TL, the termination of the third person plur. 
pres. act. from verbs in v^u, has v short, as BeiKvvao-c. 

2. vOi, the termination of the second singular imperat. 
pres. act. of verbs in vfjuo, has v short, as SeUvvOc. 

3. The terminations vfiai, v/juev, v/juevai,, ijfiTjv, v/jueOov, 
ij/ieOa, vfievos, vfjuevrf, vfievov^ from verbs in v^i, have v 
short. 

4. iiv, the neuter termination of the present and se- 

H 2 



52 



oond aorist active of verbs in vfii, has v short, as heiKvvv, 

(f)VV. 

6. vvat, the termination of the infin. pres. act. of verbs 
in v/jbiy has v short, as BecKi^vvat, 

6. The terminations vaai,, vaaVf and vao, from verbs 
in v^xi, have v short. 

7. The terminations vTai^ vre, vttjv, vto, vtov, vtco, 
vTcoaav, from verbs in vfic, have v short. 

IJ. Upsilon is long in the following cases :— ^ 

1. In the termination of the second singular impera- 
tive present^ and in the third sing, of the imperf. and 
second aor. act. of verbs in vfit ; viz. SeUvv, iSeUvv, eBv, 
€<j>v, or the Epic forms Bv, <f>v, 

2. vfitj the first person pres. act. has v long, as BeU- 

VV/JLl,, 

3. vv, the termination of the first person singular of 
the imperf. active of verbs in v/At, has v long, as iBeUvvv 
also in the first person sing, and the abbreviated third 
person plur, of the second aorist ; viz. ecpvv, 

4. V9, the termination of the second sing, present, 
imperfect^ and second aorist, also of the masculine partis- 
ciples of verbs in v/ii., is long. 

5. vera, the feminine termination of the pai'ticiple of 
verbs in v/jll, has v long ; viz. BeiKvvaa, 

6. vaL, the termination of the third person plur. pres. 
act. oi vfjLLy has v long; viz. BeiKvvo-i, 



53 



F. — In the Vowel Syllables of Verbs, 

I. Terminations of the pRiESENS and Impbrfectum, 
First Fut. and First Aorist. 

ALPHA. 

In the termination of the pres. active aa, and the 
passive and middle aofiat, the imperf. active aov, and the 
passive and middle aofiyv^ the vowel a is commonly 
short. 

Exceptions, 

1. The dissyllable Attio forms Kaco and Kkdco, instead 
of Kalco and K\ai(o^ have a constantly long ; and the word 
vdco appears to have been formed according to the same 
analogy by the later Epic writers 3 Ido/iaL has a always 
long. 

2. Where a is long, it is frequently shortened, and es- 
pecially by the Epics, to suit the metre, yet only in cases 
where it stands between two long syllables ; viz. Biyjrao), 
BtyjraovTa, TretvacoVy i^yaaaOe, dvajjuac/jba €i, vTre/JbvaaaSe, 
ixevovvda. This rule also holds good, when the long syl- 
lable which precedes the a belongs to another word -, viz. 
(Od. i. 39.) iMrjre fivaaadau aKotrcp' and (Od. xvi. 431.) 
aTifiov e^cLs, fivaa he yvvaina. 

These cases occur of course in Epic, Elegiac, and 
Lyric writers only, because the Attics make use of con- 
tractions universally. 



54 

In the termination of the first fut. act. aaay, pass, 
and mid. aaofMat^ and of the first aor. act. aaa, mid. 

1. Alpha is long, when either e, i, o, or p, immediately 
precede; viz. id'aayy epvdpLaaay, eo-rtao-coy ^eihiaoa^^ 
liKod aw^ fioacra), fiaKKoacrco, oLKpoaooixat, fyrjpaaco, Spa- 
acoy (jicopd crco, eldaa, rjKpodadiiTjv, 

Exceptio7is, 

(a) ^\vTiaa-(o alone, of all the verbs in which i pre- 
cedes a, has a short. 

(b) Of verbs in which p precedes a, Kepaa-co, irepa- 
o-ft), the transitive verb "to sell/' (Od. xiv. 29.)and ipdao- 
fiacy have a short. 

fc) Later Poets in some cases depart from the 
above rule ; viz. eldae, instead of eida-^, &c. 

2. Alpha is short, 

(aj When any consonant except p, especially \ or 
fi, immediately precedes a ; viz. eXacrco, ^Xdaco, KKdao), 
^aXdaco, <ye\d(ro/j,ac, iXdaofMac, Sa^jLaaay^ Kpe/Jbdo-cOf <TKe- 
hdact), TrerdaWy (nrdaco, dyda-ofiac, 

(b) When the termination of the future acro) comes 
from the present afo) 3 viz. dTijjbd<rcOy ^aardao), fipda-o)^ 
hLKd(y(Oy (ppdaco. 

(c) When the termination of the future aaay comes 
from the present aa-o-co^ Attice aTT(o ; viz. Ifjuda-coy irda-w, 
ir\d<T(o, 



55 



IOTA. 

We have no decisive rules for the quantity of the 
vowel syllable l in the termination of the pres. active 
i(o, pass, and middle lofiai, imperf. act. lov, pass, and 
middle cofirjv we can however remark in general, that 

1. lota in dissyllable verbs is mostly common, but 
depends throughout upon the exigencies of the verse. 

(a) In Homer c in Blcoy and with the Attics in ria 
and <f)dlco, is short. 

(bj Iota is commonly long in irplco and %ptft). 

2. Iota is commonly long in verbs of three or more 
syllables ; viz. hrjpiw, IBio), kovLco, kvXIo), firjvico, 

Exceptions. 

(a) Iota is always short in iaOlco, and in all verbs 
which are secondary forms of verbs in l^co ; viz. in arlca 
from aTi^Q), fiaaTLO) from fLaaTL^eo. 

(b) Iota is common in aiay and otoa, but is common- 
ly short in the former, and long in the latter. 

(c) The Epics have the i in KrjKiay short, and the At- 
tics long* {'E^fnqvle and Ihlov occur in Homer, and the first 
even in the Tragedians ; but the syllable which follows 
L must likewise be short. 

(d) In the termination of verbs in law, taofiai, l is 
always short j viz. avrXd(o, KvhXdoD, ^vaXdco, a-Kldo), Brjpl- 
dofiat. 

In the two words lao/nat and dvcdco, i is long ] the 
latter however is used common by recent Poets. 



The terminations of the first future active la-co, 
pass, tcrofiai, the first aor. act. la-a, middle ccra^njv, gene- 
rally follow the quantity of the present in every respect : 
yet upon the whole the long" quantity appears to pre- 
dominate; so that the present, first future, and aorist, 
may be called decidedly long. This is sometimes even 
the case where i is short in the present ; viz. in Tiaay 
and (f)6l(70), although the Attics retain the short syllable 
in ^diaco. 

2. Iota is on the contrary short without exception, 

(a) When the termination of the future c<rco comes 
from the present tfo) ; viz. epicray, KOjiio'co, vofiicrof, v^pLa-co, 

(b) When the termination of the future la-oy comes 
from the pres. laaay, Attice iTTw, or i^w ; viz. ^Xiaw, 

(c) In the Attic future t©, mid. Lsiiai. 5 viz. /co/xtai 

UPSILON. 

It is impossible to lay down any decisive rule for 
the quantity of the vowel syllable v of the pres. act. va>, 
the pass, and mid. vofiacy the imperf. act. vov, the pass, 
and mid. vofiyv' we may however remark in general, that 

1 . Upsilon is mostly common in dissyllable verbs ; 
viz. ^v(o, ^vco, ^v(D (to sacrifice), \vo), fxvco, tttuw, (j)\vco, 
(j)vco, likewise in the middle pvofjiac (yet it is commonly 
long in TTTuo).) 

(a) Upsilon is always short in ^pvco and kXvo), 

(b) But long in ^v(o (to storm), fuco, rpvw, vw. 



57 

2. In verbs of three or more syllables^ 

(a) Upsilon is doubtful, when the preceding sylla- 
ble is long either by nature or position; viz. airvcDy 
r^rjpvo), elXvcOy ekuvvco, eprjTvcOf 'i^fivco, lOvo), kcoXvco, kcokvco, 
/JLr}Vva)f fMrjpvco, irXrjOvco, iroSvcOf TrocTrvvco^ capvofMaVy a^(\vci), 
BaKpvco, ISpvco, 6'C^vco. 

Except, — 1. Several words which have a short a or 
e in the syllable which precedes the v, and lengthen it 
by position only, have v always short in the old Epic 
Poets; viz. aprvcoy ivTvco, eKKvo). 

2. idxvfo has V always long. 

(b) Upsilon is short when the preceding syllable is 
short j viz. avva), apvco, acj^vco, ipiico, fjuedvco, (TTa')(jj(o, 
raviia}, and in all verbs which terminate in vo), from ano- 
ther form vjjLL ; viz. BeiKVvco, fjLL<yvva), oWvco, 6/juvvco, 

In the word aXvco, v is common. 

1. Upsilon in the termination of the first future active 
vcrcoy and the pass, and mid. vcrofjiat, in the first aor. act. 
vaa, mid. vcrafirjv, generally follows the quantity of the 
present in every respect: yet on the whole the long 
quantity appears to predominate ; so that the present, first 
future, and aorist, may be called decidedly long. Hence 
V is not only long in ^vcrco, Tpvoco, &c. but also in ^vao), 
Bv<ra)y ^Xvaco, ^vcro), &c. 

2. On the contrary, u is short, 

fa) In ^Xijaco, kvctco (from Kvveo))^ rnrrvcrco. 

(h) In verbs of three or more syllables, in which 
the previous syllable is short. {Vide supra,2. b,) 

I 



58 

(c) When the termination ixro) comes from the 
pres. v^cD ; viz. kKv<t(o. 



II. — ^Termination of the Perfect and Pluperfect 
Active. 



ALPHA. 

In the termination of the perfect and pluperfect 
active, the quantity of the vowel a follows that of the 
first future : — 

1. Alpha is long in rjpvOpldKa, elaTiaKa, BeBpaKa, 
'ir€<j>(opdKai icopaKa, 

2. Alpha is short, 

fa) When any consonant except p immediately 
precedes a; viz. eKrfKaKa, ecnrdKa, 

(h) When the present ends in afo). 

(c) When the present ends in aa-aody Attice aTTOD, 

(d) In the Ionic and Epic forms in which the letter 
K is merged ; viz. ^e/Sda, jiyda, BiBda, /jbifida. 

Except, — ^The irregular fut. Kepaaot) has KeKpdKa, and 
irepaaoa irewpaKa, in the perfect. 

3. In Barytone verbs a seems to follow the quantity 
of the radical vowel of the present ; viz. yiypdipa from 



59 



IOTA. 

In the termination of the perfect and pluperfect 
active iKa iKeiVy the quantity of the vowel l strictly fol- 
lows that of the first future ; hence 

1. Iota is long when it is also long in the present and 
future 5 the forms also which are doubtful are mostly 
lengthened. 

2. Iota is short, 

(a) When the present ends in ijo). 

(b) When the present ends in laaa), Attice ittw, 

(c) In the Epic and Ionic forms in which the letter 
K is dropped ; viz. BelBla, 

(d) When the word has the Attic reduplication; 
viz. aXrjXi^a from aXelcjico, 

3. No decisive rule can be laid down for Barytone 
verbs : The perfectum frequently follows the quantity of 
the present; viz. reTpl^a from rpi^o); yet exceptions are 
common ; viz. €ppi(f>a from plirToo, 



UPSILON. 

In the termination of the perfect and pluperfect 
active vKa vxeiv, the quantity of the vowel v mostly fol- 
lows that of the first future ; hence 

1. Upsilon is commonly long, if long also in the pre- 
sent and future ; but where it is common in the present, 
it is frequently short in the perfect; viz. in XiXma, 

i2 



60 

redvKa, Kexvfca' while v remains long in SiBvKa, fie/nvKa 
(from iMV(o), 7re(j>vKa. 

2. Upsilon is short, 

faj When the present ends in v^o, 

(b) In the Epic and Ionic forms in which the letter 
K is dropped ; viz. 'ire(f)va. 

(c) When the word has the Attic reduplication 5 
viz. 6p(opv')(^ci from opvaaco. 

3. No decisive rule can be laid down for Barytone 
verbs : — KpvirTco has KeKpv<f)a, but kvittw KeKv^a, and 
f^pvX^ ^^^p^X^, in the perfect. 

III.— Termination of the Perfect and Pluperfect 

Passive. 



ALPHA. 

In the termination of the perfect and pluperfect pas- 
sive ap^ai ajuLTjv, the vowel a is commonly long; viz. 
BeSpd/jLai, TreTTpdjiiaty ire^oapdijuaiy ecopd/jbai, ', for where a 
is short of itself, the perfect passive ends in ao-fiat, 
aBfiai, or afifiai,; viz. Ke/cXao-fiat^ Kexacrfiaiy eo-jraafiai, 
KeKaSp,aCy ire^pa^pbaL, redpa/jbfjiaOy rer pa/jufjuai, earpafjuixai. 
But where the consonant is not doubled, the short a of 
the perfect active is retained in the perfect passive ; viz. 
iXrfKdjjiai, and rerayu-at, from iXyXaKa and TeraKa. 

In the few extant forms from the present in afiatj a is 
short; viz. hvvdixaiy fJbdpvdiJbai^ Trirdixai. 



Gl 



IOTA. 



In the termination of the perfect and pluperfect pass. 
ifjLai LfMTjv, the vowel l is commonly long; viz. reTlfiai,. 
Yet the consonant is more frequently doubled 3 viz. 
Terpifjufjiat, vevofMcarfiaLj eirTio-fiac Yet the i occurs short j 
viz, t<f)dlfiaL, 



UPSILON. 

In the termination of the perfect and pluperfect vixai 
vfjbTjv, the vowel v is commonly long ; viz. rirpv/jiai, TreTr- 
vvfiai. Yet the consonant is more frequently doubled ; 
viz. KeKpv/jLfiai, But v occurs short 5 viz. 'KeXvfiac, Kex^- 
fiavy from XeXvKa, Ke'xyKa, &c. 



IV. — ^Termination of the First Aorist Passive. 



ALPHA. 

In the termination of the first aorist passive in adrjv, 
a is mostly long ; viz. ihpaOrjv, icftcopaOTju. Verbs in 
which the short a prevails usually terminate in aaOrjv, 
In verbs in vco alone^ a is always short in the first aorist ; 
viz. iXaOrjVy iKTaOrjv, iTa6r]p, ^Compare infra, VII. 3.) 



62 



IOTA. 



In the termination of the first aorist passive in tOrjv, 
I is generally short : this however applies only to such 
aorists as come from verbs in cvco ; the others commonly 
end in lvOtjv and laOrjv, 

UPSILON. 

In the termination of the first aorist passive in vdrjv, 
V is generally short ; viz. eKvOrjv^ ^X^dWy l^pvOrjv, 



V. — ^Termination of the Second Future Active, 
AND THE Second Aor. Pass, and Mid. 

In the termination of the second future active, and 
the two aorists, passive and middle, the doubtful vowel 
is always shortened ; hence a is short in fidXo), irrdpay 
€Kpd/yov, iirrdpoVy i<ypd<f>rjv, eKarjv, eTrXdyTji^, &c. — i is short 
in kKIvco, KplvS), eXliTov, eirlov, irpt^rjVy eKkWrjv, &c.— 
V is short in afivvo), 6(j>vyov, eTv^ov, i(j)vyrjv, ifcpv^ijv, &c. 
likewise in their derivatives, hiarpl^ri, Trapa-jrv^V} &c. 



VI. — ^Termination of the Fr^eterite Middle. 



In the termination of the praeterite middle. 

Alpha is )?dya, Iota is y'ff''^-^'^ Upsilon 



aipna.s»*aya. Iota ,s »■/■;„ upsilon is\ '*'^;'^' 

long in ^K«paya, long in ^_-£L long in ^ ^„^„^,.) 




63 



VII. 



Respecting the quantity of \, v^ p, in the tenses of 
verbs, we may remark, 

1. When only the second future contains either of 
these letters, the doubtful vowel in the penultima of the 
future is always short ; viz. yjroXcjy (j>avo3, Trrapw, tX\w, 
ffpXvco, afjuvvco, Kvpco, <f>vp(b. The same holds good with 
regard to the quantity of the doubtful vowel of the se- 
cond aorist. 

2. The doubtful vowel which precedes \, v, or p, in 
the aorist active and middle is always long; viz. i/jidpdva, 
eiriava, eKepSdva, e')(6dpa, rjpa, inf. apai, rjXd^rjv, inf. 

^'aXaaOaiy ertXa, eKplva^ (aplva, eirXvva, i^pdBvva, €(f>vpa. 

3. In the perfect active and passive, and in the first 
aorist passive, the doubtful vowel is always short ; viz. 
riraKa, rerdfiat, ija^rjv, KeKplKa, KeKptfiaLy eKpt^rjv, 
ireifKvKa, ireirKv^at,, eTrXv^yv, 



SEC- VI. 



SPECIAL RULES FOR THE QUANTITY OF THE DOUBT- 
FUL VOWELS IN THE TERMIN. OF DERIVATIVES. 



A. — In the Terminations of Substantives,, 
Adjectives, and Adverbs. 



ALPHA. 

1. aa, the iEolic and Attic termination instead 

of aia, has the first as well as the second a long ; viz, 

ekddy ^AOrjvdd, 'A^aa, instead of ekaia, ^ AOrjvaia^ ^ Kyaia. 

Likewise in all words derived from them; viz. ^kxalKos, 

and in iEolic substantives formed in the same manner; 

viz. ^AXkolos, instead of ^AXkoIos, and in adjectives; viz. 

ap'x^dosj instead of ap^cuos, 

Ohs. In the word ^avo-ima, the a of the penultima is short, 
because in this case the form Nauo-ixata is not extant. 

2. aSrjv, the termination of adverbs, has a always 
short ; viz. e'KLGTpo(f>aZ'rjv, irporpoTrdBrjv, (Compare in- 
fra, 6.) 

3. aZr)^, the termination of Patronymic substantives, 
has a always short ; yiT^.^PiXKiptdhris, BopedBrjs, Aaeprid- 
Brjs, MevoLTidS7j9, ^OiXcdSrjfy Te\a/JU(0VLdBrj9. 



65 



The adjective avOdBrjs has a long. 

4. dSiov, the termination of diminutive substantives, 
has a generally short ; viz. XajjiirdBiov. The few words 
immediately formed from radicals which are long are 
exceptions 5 viz. ekahiov. 

5. dBios, dSia, dScov, the terminations of adjectives, 
have a short 3 yiz. Bi.')(^ddBi,09y iMLvvvOdBios, opOdBvos, 

6. dBoVj the termination of adverbs, has a always 
short ; viz. dvaa-TaBov, Karco/JudBoVy o/jLtXdBov. (Comp, 2.) 

7. dBo9, the termination of substantives, has a always 
short; viz. KeXdBos, KivdBos, ofjudBos' likewise in all the 
forms derived from it ; viz. KeXaBeco, euKeXdBos, &c. 

Except oirdBosy the Doric for oirrjBos, which has a 
long. 

8. dev9, the termination of substantives, has a always 
long; viz. Trvp/cdev^, Nt/caei^s'. (Compare 9 and 12.) 

9. dTjSy the termination of adjectives from verbs in aco, 
especially from aco 0,7)^1 ; viz. dXcaTjs, Bvcrarjs, irdKvarjs, 
&c. likewise ^drfs, aKpdrjs, evKpdrjs, a,')(^pdrjs^ has a always 
long. 

10. dSos and dOcov, the terminations of substantives, 
have a always short ; viz. KokdOos, KvdOos, yfrdfidOos, 
MapdOcov. 

11. diKos, dim], at/coi^, the terminations of adjectives, 
have a long ; viz. 'A;^ai;A:oy, UXaraiKo^. (Compare!,) 

12. dls, the termination of feminine substantives, has 
a long ; viz. ^dts, Adts, NdU, ^AxdU, Kvrdh, 

The masculine Proper Name KdXdis, on the con- 
trary, has a short. 



13. cifCLov, tlic termination of diminutives, has a short j 

viz. TTlVaKLOV, paKLOV, 

Except words formed immediately from radicals 
which arc long ; viz. QcopaKiov. 

14. uKis, the termination of adverbs, has a always 
short ; viz. huaadKis^ iroWaKis. 

15. aKos, a/ca, clkov, the terminations of adjectives, 
have a always short ; viz. jxaXaKos, PlIBXiclkos, ^rjpidKos' 
likewise in the termination of substantives dtcos-, viz. 

^v\dK09. 

16. dXeo9, dXeay dXeov, the terminations of adjectives, 
have a always short ; viz. haihoKeos, BeijjbdXio^, cnydXeos, 
rap^dXeos. (It is doubtful whether (jiOLrdXeos is used 
long in the Lyric systems of the Tragedians.) 

17. dXis, the termiuution of diminutives, has a always 
short ; viz. rpoc^dXis. 

18. dXos, the termination of substantives, and dXos, 
dXa, dXoVy that of adjectives, has a always short; viz. 
Ild<7(TdXo9, (deaadXoSj TdvrdXos, uiraXos, SalSdXos, xQcl- 
fjbdXor likewise a is short in the ternnnation of substan- 
tives dXrj and dXov ; viz. o-KvrdXrj, (nrardXi], ku/jl/SuXop, 
irkrdXov, (xdvhdXov, 

Except. — In Ko^dXos, "^rvfi^aXos, ^dpadXos, and 
BdXo9, a is long. 

19. dfjba, the termination of substantives derived from 
verbs in aw, has the first a always long ; viz. hpafj^a, vd^a, 
^ed/JLUf ^v/Jbld^af opdjuba, (f)vpd/jLa. 

20. dfj.L9, the termination of diminutives, has a short ; 
viz. irXoKaiMis, irvpajjiLs. 



6/ 

21. afios, afjLTj, a/ubov, tlic terminations of adjectives, 
and afjbos, the termination of derivatives, have a always 
short ; viz. Irafios, Ka\afi09, TrXo/ca/zo?, izoraiJios, 

22. aficov, the termination of derivatives, has a short; 
viz. TrXardfJucov, reXd/Jbcov, 

Except. — In adjectives in dfjucov, dfiov, gen. dfiovo9, 
from verbs in aw, with the accent on the pcnultima, a is 
always long; viz. ^ea/jicov. 

23. dvT}, the termination of substantives, has a sliort ; 
viz. ^ordvrjj XeKdvrj, opKavT], crT€<j)dv7j. 

24. avos, the termination of substantives, and avos, 
avT], avoVf that of adjectives, has 

(a) Alpha long in names of people Vv^herc t pre- 
cedes the a ; viz. ^Aaidvos, \\Ldvos, Kapidvos, and in mas- 
culine Proper Names similarly circumstanced ; viz. Eutu- 
yidvbs^ 'Hpft)Siazvo9, AovKidvos, MapKidvos, Yet later 
Poets, to suit the exigency of the verse, shorten the a; 
viz. ^lovXidvosy ^lovcTTivtdvo^, ^OTTTTidvos* especially where 
a dactyl is gained by the process. 

(b) Alpha is doubtful in names of people in which 
a consonant precedes it ; viz. ^AXjSavo^, ''AXavoff, Bpera- 
vos, TepfjLavos, Yet the long quantity decidedly predomi- 
nates. 

Except. — Alpha is short in AdpSdvo9, lUdvos^ Ain- 
^dvos, ^HpcBdvos, 

Obs. In substantives and adjectives derived from these words, 

in avia, avtos, avLKos, aS Bperavia, Vepfiavla, TepfxaviKos, Aapddvio9, 
^iKcivios, the quantity of the a follows that of the a in the radical 
word, without exception. 

(c) Alpha is short in appellative substantives and 

k2 



adjectives; viz. /SaKavos, Koipavos, ovpdvof, l/cdvos, fitjKe- 
8dv69, iTiOdvos. The same holds good with regard to 
substantives in avov ; viz. BpeTrdvov, Xei-^dvov, ^odvov. 

25. dos, the termination of substantives and adjec- 
tives, has a commonly short 5 viz. Aavdos, Olvofidos, 
dyXdos. 

Except. — Alpha is long in some compounds; viz. 
M€vi\dos, ^ kp')(i\do9, ^ AfKfudpdos, avdos' but especially in 
words compounded of 'Kaos, Likewise in the ^olic aos, 
instead of ato^; viz. 'AX/taoy. (Compare sup. \,) 

2G. dpLoVy the termination of diminutives, has a short ; 
viz. dvOpcoirdpLov, iraiSdptov, 

Except. — Recent writers sometimes took the liberty 
of lengthening the a^ in imitation of the Latins ; viz. koK- 
\api0Vy aeBapiov, 

27. dpos, the termination of substantives and adjec- 
tives, has a commonly short; viz. ^dp^dpos, KOfidpos, 
fidpfMupos, iKdpos, KaOdpos, ^{ra^dpas. 

Except, — Alpha is long in dvidpos, (pdkdpos, <^\u- 
dpo9. 

28. daL9, the termination of substantives formed from 
verbs in aco, which have a long in the future, has likewise 
along; viz. Spdcri9, ldaL9, ireipdois, <^vpdaLS' likewise 
in masculine Proper Names ; viz. "Afidais. 

On the contrary, Bvvdcns is short, because it comes 
from Bvvd/jiaL. 

29. d(7osy the termination of substantives, has a gene- 
rally long; viz. * kXiKapvaaos, Uapvd<T09. Likewise in the 
derivatives : viz. Ylapi'daids. 



69 

30. dT7)$, the masculine termination of substantives, 
and driSy the feminine^ 

(a) Have a long in Proper Names of people, in 
which a vowel precedes a ; viz. ^Ao-carrj^, ^irapTiaTriSy 
TeyearrjSy the feminine 'AcrtaTts-, and also in words deno- 
ting personal qualification, derived from verbs in aco ; viz. 

aKpoarrjs, ^ecLT'qSy TTpdrTjs, 

(b) Alpha is short in names of people and persons, 
in which a consonant precedes a ; viz. Va\dT7)s, AaXfjud" 
T7]9, "^ap/Marrj^y ^avpofjuaTTjs, ^ AvTL<f)dT7]9, ^coKpdrrjs, and in 
words derived from ^alvco and larrj/iL ; viz. d^pojSdrT]?, 
lXvo^dT7]9, opeL^dTT^s, irapaa-TdTTjs, fem. dns* 

Except. — ^The Proper Names 'Axdrrjs, ^v(f)pdrri9y 
AevKaTr^s, Nc^aTTj^, have a long. 

31. drcov, the termination of diminutives, generally 
has a short; viz. ^(o^dnov, IfidTLoVy Kpovfidriov' with the 
exception of those formed from a long radical. 

32. arcs. — f Compare supra, arrjs, 30. a. b.J 

33. aros, ary, arovy the terminations of adjectives, 
have 

(a) Alpha long in adjectives from those verbs in 
ao), which have a also long in the pei-fect; viz. dparosy 
^rjpdrosy Idros, opaTosy (jxopdTos. The same holds good 
with respect to all derived and compounded forms ; viz, 
^rjpdrios, IdrioSy ^rjpd! aifjuosy Id'a-Cfjio^y ^TjpaTtKOSy <j)copd- ' 
riKOSy TToXvapdroSy evdijpdrosy "Apdrosy Arj/ndpaTOSy IliXa- 
Toy, especially in all words formed from Kepavvvijui ; 
VIZ. CLKparoSy evKpaTOSy fMeXLtepdroSy aKpaaUy euKpdala, 
Kpdrrip, &c. 



•0 



(b) Alpha is short in those adjectives whlcli come 
from verbs with a short radical ; viz. hwaros, ipdros, o-tci- 
Tos, ^dros, and in adjectives derived from no verb ; viz. 
viraTos, Trvfidros. The same applies to all derived and 
compounded forms ; viz. fidrio^, iroXvi^pdros, 'StKi^pdros, 
ruidnos^ vardrLoSy BpafidrcKo^, kXTjixdnKos, /Madrj/xdriKos' 
especially to all words from the radicals ^alvco, XaTrjixt, 
and T€LV(o ; viz. Bva-jSdTos, avardro^, irapaidrLKos, &c. 

34. d<f>os and a%09^ the terminations of substantives, 
have a short ; viz. eBd(^os, Kpordcpos, (j)\T]vd(j)09, ovpld^o^, 

35. dcov, the termination of substantives, especially in 
masculine Proper Names, has a long; viz. BcBv/judcov, 
KKfcpbdcdVy ^ Aperdoyv, ^Ep/judoiv, AvKacov, TloaeiSdcov, Tv^d- 
(DV together with the patronymic substantives and ad- 
jectives derived from them; viz. ^AkKfidoviBrj^y AvKdovCa, 
Tv^dovios, 

Except, — <^d(av has a short. 



IOTA. 

1. m, the fem. termination of adjectives, and substan- 
tives of the first declension, has v generally short. Yet 
this rule is decisive only where the syllable preceding t 
is short ; as in aocjiia, (fnXta, aKoirid, and in those where 
the ultima is short, as ironfiTpCa, (Compare Sec. II. I. 1. c.) 
and in the dissyllables ^la and fua. 

Exceptions, 
(a) Iota is commonly long in the three words 
dvla, KoXld, Kovla. But the long t is sometimes found 
short in these, and especially in dvXa. 



71 

(b) Iota is always long in dissyllables beginning 
with two consonants 5 viz. ^pla^ aria, ^Ola^ <f>\id, 

(c) Iota is always long in Sta, contracted from hUa. 

(d) The Epic Poets lengthen the t, to suit the exi- 
gencies of the verse, in cases where it is naturally short; 
yet this appears to take place exclusively where l stands 
between two long syllables ; viz. ^ AKaBrj/julay drifjbla, opfud, 

2. XaBf)9, the termination of patronymics, has i always 
short ; viz. ^A\Ki,l3odSr]9, Aaeprldhrjs* 

3. laTi)s, fem. laris, the termination of substantives 
denoting our country, has l always short; viz. ^Trap- 
Ttarrjs. (Compare infra, 8.) 

4. tSev9, the termination of diminutives, has i always 
short ; viz. drjBovlBevs, XvKtSevs. 

5. lB7)9j the termination of patronymics, has c always 
short ; viz. AevKdXlBT]^, YiVpLirXhrjs, QbkvBlSt]?, Tlpiafjuhrjs, 

Obs. The form Aayidrjs, which occurs in Theocritus (Idyl, xvii 
14.) with a long I, ought most unquestionably to be corrected to 

Aayid8i]S. 

6. iSiov, the termination of diminutives, has 

(a) Iota short, when the diminutive termination is 
supported by a consonant ; viz. ^ccpXBtov, ^vkcScou, %oipt'- 
BwUy or by a vowel; viz. yrjlBiov, fiolBiov, 

(h) Iota is long, when the diminutive termination 
coalesces with a preceding l into one syllable ; viz. l/iarl'- 
Slop. oIkI'Blov. 

7. iBios, iBia, lBlov, the terminations of adjectives, 
have L short; viz. ^eveOXiBios, \a6puBios, fjuocpiSw?. 



72 

S. h)Tr)s^ iijTLs, the terminiitions of substantives, have 
L always short ; viz. 7ro\h]T7]9, iroXXr^TLs, (Compare sup, 3.) 

9. iKoSf l/crj, iKQVy the terminations of adjectives, have 
i always short; viz. ^ArrlKoSy KcofJLCKo?, rpayiKos^ vvfi(j)l- 
KoSy rrfklKos, 

Except, — Iota is long in this termination in some 
Proper Names, such as TpdvlKos, KclIkos, and in all com- 
pounds of viKT) ; viz. KaXklv'iKoSf ^kvhpovlKos, BepevlKTjy 
^vvIkt], ^epivLKOs. 

10. cXo9, the termination of substantives, and iXoS) a, 
ov, that of adjectives, has 

(a) Iota long in substantives which have the ac- 
cent on the antepenultima ; viz. dpylXos, opukos, o-TpojSl- 
Xos» The same applies to the substantive termination 
IXov, as friSlXov' likewise in the dissyllables %Z\o5 and 

(bj Iota is short in substantives and adjectives 
which have the accent on the penultima ; viz. ZcoiXos, 
vavrX'XoSf Kcorl'XoSy itoikX'Xos, TTopLircXos, 

1 1 . t//,a, the termination of substantives derived from 
verbs in cvco, has t commonly short ; viz. KXlpua, KpljjLa. 

iSschylus has Kpl/Ma notwithstanding. (SuppL 409.^ 

12. Xpbos, XpLT], Xpbov, the terminations of adjectives, 
have I always short; viz. dvOXpLos, KapirXpuos, voarXp^os, 
o^pXpbos, ')(pr]aXpLO$, 

Words such as Xlp.6$, alp.6s, drlp^osy AcoTlpuos, ^s- 
Xlpb09, t(l)0lp.o9, cannot by any means be considered as 
exceptions, because i stands in the radical syllable, and 
not in the derivative termination. 



73 

13. Iva^ the termination of substantives, has i long in 
feminine Proper Names derived from the Latin ; viz. 
'lao-Ttz/a, ^afilva, and in Greek words similarly formed ; 
viz. Alylva, Kafidplva, 

14. tveos, Ivea, Iveov, the terminations of adjectives, 
have i always short ; viz. iTpXueos, \alve09. 

15. IvT}, the termination of substantives, has c long in 
feminine Proper Names and polysyllables ; viz. ar^x'^arlvT], 
ipyaa-Tlvrjy ripcolvrj, larplvr}, ^ABprjaTcvrj, AItjtivt], ^Tjprfivrjy 
*Q.Keavlv7j ; in most trisyllables, as a^lvrj, BcotIvtj, irvrlvrj^ 
va-filvT], MupLVTj, and in the dissyllables Blvrj and kXIvtj, 

Except. — Iota is short in names of cities, as Mo\v^- 
hlvT], in elXairlvT], ^AaXvr}, fivpalvr), oarlvrj^ and doubt- 
ful in fivprlvrj, 

16. CvT)?, the termination of substantives, has l short 
in masculine Proper Names ; viz. AlaxtvTjp, AeirTivrjs, 

The long u in ^aOvZlvrjs, ipuZlvris, and other com- 
pounds of huvT), cannot be considered an exception, be- 
cause the long L belongs to the radical syllable. 

17. I'Vos, the termination of substantives, and tz/oy, 
LV7), LVOV, the termination of adjectives, has 

(a) Iota long in names of people, and masculine 
Proper Names ; viz. Aarlvos, Majj,6pTcvo9, ^Ap'xjivos, Ep- 
ylvos, KaWlvo9, (^l\Ivo9, with their derivatives, as Aarl- 
vLds' likewise in appellatives which have the accent on 
the penultima; viz. Tvplvos, ipvOlvos, eylvos, IktIvos, 
KopaKLvos, and in some which have the accent on the 
ultima; viz. iplvos and x^^^^os^ with their derivatives, 
as dxd\lvo9f xaklvcoTrjpiov, &c. 



Obs. 1. TIiosc substantives in 17/0? and ivov, which have the 
accent on the autepenultima, generally shorten the i, it is true ; but 
exceptions are frequent ; vi:^. /ca/iivoy, KVKKdfilpos or KVKKdfxluov, Kvyil- 
voPf vcryluoSi aeXivov, 

Obs. 2. Iota is short in KapKXvos. 

(h) Iota is short in most adjectives in ivos^ viz. ySi/o-- 

aXvoSy hd^vlvos, ekdrlvoSf vaKCvdlvos, heieklvos, elaplpo^, 

ecnreplvos, iwBlvos^ vvKreplvos, a\7j6lv69, ^afjuvos, Ta')(lv6s. 

Obs. The old Poets use fxea-rju^plvos, op'iplvos, oTruplvost ^^^ 
fieroTTcoplvos, with a long- i ; they must however be looked upon more 
as common than exchisively long". 

18. lovih7}s, the termination of patronymics, has the 
first L always long; viz. ^laireTlovL^rjSy TdkdlovlBrjs, 'EXa- 
tloulStjs. (Compare in/ra, 28.) 

19. lpL9f the termination of substantives, is always 
long, but occurs only in Proper Names ; viz. ' lpc9, ^IpLSy 
BBalpL?) ^O alp IS* 

20. L<Ti9y the termination of substantives, has i, short; 
viz. tIgls^ (^OtaiSy oifXicTLs, — ^'lais alone has t long. 

21. laos, the termination of substantives, has i gene- 
rally long; viz. ^Aixvlaos, Knrj^Cdos, liapoira^laos' like- 
wise in derivatives ; viz. 'A/jLvcacs, Krjcj^lcrLdr and in the 
termination laris ; viz. *A<y')(la-7]s. 

22. irepos, the termination of pronoun adjectives, has 
V short ; viz. vcoLrepos. 

23. CTT}, the termination of substantives, has t, long in 
feminine Proper Names ; viz. 'Ajji(j)i,Tpl'T7j, 'AcjipoBl'Trj, Iota 
is doubtful in MeXiTrj, 

24. rrrjs, the termination of masculine substantives, 
fem. LTL9, has t long both in Proper Names of people and 
persons, and in nouns denoting personal qualification; 



7 



viz, ^vfiapi'TT^s, XeppoviTTjsf, Qepal'T7]9, al'Tojs, oBl'rrjs^ 
ottXI'ttjS) }^e<^vpiTtSy \riLTis, XifievtrLs, ^SlKeavLTLS, 

Except. — KpXT7]9 and KTlrrjs, formed from a short 
radical verb, have l short. 

25. nis, — (Vide infra, trrjs, 24.) 

26. cT09i tra, IroVy the terminations of adjectives, have 
I usually short, especially in dissyllables formed from 
verbs j viz. KpXros, and in the compounds hvcrKplros, At;- 

flO/CpLTOS, \vp6fCTlT09, ITcCkivTlTOS, &C. 

Except. 1. In some forms from verbs in tw, i is 
long"; viz. TroXvSijplros. 

2. Iota is long in the adjective Xlros, and 
the substantive clkovItov, 

27. i^x^^y *^*^ termination of diminutives and adjec- 
tives, has i always short; viz. appl^os, opraXix^s, 0uc6- 
vl^ps^ Tvvviyos, hdXiyo^^ {jueikL'XPs, 

Tapl^os alone has c long. 

28. Lcdv, the termination of substantives, and especi- 
ally of Proper Names, has 

(a) Iota long in Proper Names which shorten the 
long vowel cd in the genitive case ; viz. ^ A/jlcJ)!' (ov, ''Apl'cov, 
AoXccov, l^l'cov, YlapS'LcoVy gen. ^Aplovos, &c. &c. together 
with their derivatives ; viz. 'l^lovihrjs, UavBlovlSTjs, Uav- 
Blovtoss &c. and likewise in dissyllable and trisyllable 
appellatives, which shorten the long vowel co in the ge- 
nitive case i viz. kicov, ttlcov, irpCwv, ^pax^oiv, together 
with their derivatives. 

Except, 1. Iota is common in Kpovlcov, gen. Kpo- 
yl'ovos and Ys^povt'cavos, Also in 'i2/3twr, icovos, the Epics 

l2 



76 

use L long, to suit the verse ; it is always short in "^apCoiv 
^Q.apL(ovos. 

Except. 2. ^Rtoav^ gen. ^covos, has i always short 5 
;j^tcoi/ ')(^b6vos, generally so. 

(h) Iota is short in Proper Names which retain the 
long vowel o) in the genitive ; viz. 'Qlmv, BovkoXccov, 
AevKoXLcov, ^HeTioyv, Olvoiricov, gen. 'Bicavos, BovkoXlcd- 
vosy &c. together with their derivatives ; viz. AevKoXtSrjs. 

29. CCDV7], the termination of feminine patronymics, 
hast short]; viz. AXcovt], ^AKpialcovrjy ^Iva'^lcavrj, 



UPSILON. 

1. vo, the termination of substantives, appears to have 

V generally long 5 viz. Ir^vva' but the termination seldom 
occurs. 

Except, — ^Upsilon is short in xapva, 

2. vyrj, vya)v, the terminations of substantives, have 

V commonly long ; viz. dfiapvyi], Ivyi], 6\o\vy% irvyrfj^ 
copvyf], 6\o\v<y(OP, 

Except, -^-MapjjLapiiy J] has i; short. 

3. vBoovj the termination of diminutives, has 

(aj Upsilon short, when the radical word closes 
with a short v, viz. ^oTpvtLov. 

(b) Upsilon long, when the radical word closes 
with a long v, viz. "vStoz/, l')(6vhLov, 

4. vhov, the termination of adverbs, has v generally 
long 5 viz. jSorpvdoV) wpvhov. 



77 

6. ijKos, the tennination of substantives, has v com- 
monly short ; viz. "A}ivK0Sy ^lfivK09, KcopvKos. It is always 
short in the termination of adjectives in vkos, vkij^ vKovy 
viz. AcfivKos, 

Obs. "KfivKos and Ktopv/cos occur with a long v, 

6. vXr^y the termination of substantives, has v com- 
monly short ; viz. apfivXi], kotvXt), o-racfivXi], 

ExcepU^''TK'n, j>v\rj, and o-^ovBvXt}, have a long v, 

7. vXiff, the feminine termination of diminutives, has v 
always short ; viz. QearvXls, ^ecByXosy ^7]jv\c9, TrrjyvXls, 

Except,— liaiJL^vXb has v long, as being compound- 
ed of (j)v\ov, 

8. v\o9, the termination of substantives, and fre- 
quently diminutives, and vXos, vXtj, vXov, that of adjec- 
tives, have V generally short ; viz. alaijXos, alfivXos, ^pd^ 

l3vX09, SdKTvXo?^ KCLlXTTliXoS, Tt/tuXo?, €pa)TvX09y JJLIKKVXOS, 

AlaxyXos, haK'xyXos, 'HSuXoy, ^ifJuvXos, 

In (TKvXov, or cTKvXov, V is common, in muxes' long. 

9. vfia, the termination of substantives derived from 
verbs in vco and wcoy has 

(aj Upsilon long in ^vfia, Kufia, Xvfia, pv/jua (from 
€pv(o), <f)v/jba, iBpyfittf (j>lTVfjiay and most derivatives from 
verbs in vco. 

10. ijfios, v/jbT], vjjbov, the termination of adjectives, and 
vfios, that of substantives, has v alv.ays short in words of 
three or more syllables; viz. BiBvfiosy €Xv/jlo9, ervfios, 
VTjSvfios, evcovij/jios, (pepcovvfios. On the contrary, v is long 
in the substantives ^u/x-oy, pvfMos, %i5/ioy.. 



The compounds of ^vfiof, as ciOvjios, &c. have v 
long by nature, because it is long in the radical syllable. 

1 1 . vva, the termination of substantives from verbs 
iu vv(o, has i; long 5 viz. afivva. 

12. vvT}, the termination of substantives, has 

(a) Upsilon long in most trisyllable substantives ; 
viz. alcT'xpvrjy SeXcpvpij, evOvvrj, 'x^ekvvTj. The quantity 
however fluctuates in many, and v is decidedly common 
in KopvvT}, o-cyvvT}, rafjuvvr), rapvvTj, The short quantity is 
Epic, the long Attic. 

Except. — Upsilon is always short iu ohvvT], as com- 
ing from a short radical. 

(h) Upsilon is short in polysyllable abstract sub- 
stantives in avvT] ; viz. SeaTToa-vvrjy BaXoavvy, KepBoavvrj, 
fieOrjfjLoavvT}, without any exception. 

13. VV09, the termination of substantives, and vpos, 
vva, vvov^ that of adjectives, has 

(a) Upsilon long in most trisyllable substantives 
in which no a- precedes it 3 viz. 'BlOvvos, fioOvvos, evOvvoSy 
KivBvvos, ai'yvvos, together with their derivatives ; also in 
the adjective ^vvos, 

Ohs, 1. In later Poets we find many exceptions to this rule 
completely arbitrary, especially in Proper Names ; viz. Bi6vv6s, 
TlaxvvoSi aKivbvvos. 

Ohs. 2. In all derivatives from yvvi}, as ayvvo^, dpbpoyvvosi &c. 
the short v of the radical remains so. 

(b) Upsilon short in adjectives in gvvos 5 viz. Sea- 
iroaifvos, ^dpavvos, iriavvo^, &c. without any exception. 

14. vpa, the termination of substantives, has 

(a) Upsilon lung in words which have the ultima 



79 

short and the accent on the antepenultima ; viz, dyKvpa, 
rye(l>vpd, (defiiaKvpd, KipKvpd, oXvpa, irXijfifivpd* Later 
Poets admit some few exceptions, as y€(j)vpa, 

(h) Upsilon short in words which have the ultima 
long and the accent on the penultima ; viz. ^vpa, XijpOy 
'7rop(pvpay ^cXvpa. 

Except, — KoWvpa has v always long. 

15. ijpLov, the termination of diminutives, has v gene- 
rally short; viz. apyvpcov, fiapTvpiov except when v is 
long in the radical word ; viz. XeirvpLov, from Xeirvpov. 

16. ijpov and ijpos, the terminations of substantives 
and adjectives, have v generally short; viz. dpyvpos, 
fjbdpTvpos, Ze(j)vp09, ^aTvpos, KairvpoSy \iyiip6s, 6)(yp69, 
a')(ypov, evi)(ypov. 

Except, — Upsilon is long in the substantives irvpos 
and Tvpos, in the neuters Xdcf^vpov, Xeirvpov, iriTvpov, in 
'NL(Tvpo9, and in dvayvpos, irdiTvpos, and aXfivpos. The 
long quantity is Attic, the short Epic. 

17. iia-ios, ijo-ia, vcnov, the terminations of adjectives, 
has V short; viz. HXvo-los, TTjvaios, (Compare mfra, 19.) 

18. v(7Ls, the termination of substantives, has v short ; 
viz. hv(TLs, \vac9, <j)vai,9, dvijcrcs, Upsilon is common in 
iBpvcrLs. 

19. varos, the termination of substantives, has v long; 
viz. xp^^os, ^A/jL(j)pv€r69, Al6uv(709, ^IrfKvaos, Mvaros, Like- 
wise in derivatives; viz. QaXvaiahT^s, QaXvacos' and in 
the termination varj^ ; viz. Kafjb/3var]9. 

On the contrary, v is always short in the appella- 
tive fJbvao9. 



80 

20. vTtjs', the termination of substantives, has 

(a) IJpsilon long in masculine Proper Names and 
nouns denoting personal qualification, fem. vrts ; viz. 
^ApyvTqs, 7rpecrl3vT7]9, TTpea^vTi?, 

Except, — QvT7}s has v short. 

(b) Upsilon short in abstract substantives of the 
third declension, from adjectives in vs; viz. ^pa^vn^Sy 
o^vrrjs, TaxvTrjs, gen. rjr os, &c. without any exception. 

21. VTL9. — (Vide supra, vttj^, 20.) 

22. vTos, the termination of substantives, and vrosy 
vTTj, vTov, that of adjectives, from verbs in vo), has 

(a) Upsilon long in the substantive o-kvtos' like- 
wise in trisyllable substantives which have the preceding 
syllable long also ; viz. Brjpvros, fyaypvTos, kcokvtos' and in 
adjectives derived from verbs in vcd, from the perfect 
passive, with a long penultima ; viz. BaKpvros, Ihpvro?, 
rpvTos. 

The same applies to derived and compounded forms ; 
viz. IhpvreoSf Ihpv crifMos, aSdKpvTos, ciTpdros, aXcrpvTos, 
^ArpvTwvrj, &C. 

(h) Upsilon short in Proper Names derived from 
adjectives in vs; viz. AtVi^TOp, Evpvros' in substantives 
which have the preceding syllable short ; viz. ^opvros' in 
adjectives which have the accent on the last syllable ; 
viz. TTLvvTos' and in verbal adjectives which have a short 
V in the perfect ; viz. Xvros, irkvTos, pvTos' likewise in de- 
rived and compounded forms ; viz. Xvreos, Bvtlkos, Xv- 
Ti.fco^, Sva\vT09, KarappvTOs, 'X^vaoppvroSy ahvT09, 

23. iji^os, vx^^j ^%oz^, the terminations of substantives 



81 

and adjectives, has v short ; viz. dpyv<j>09, Koaavcfyos, ^a-v- 
X09y ^ocTTpv'xpv, with all lengthened forms ; viz. dpyv(j)eo9y 
r)av')(^ia, &c. Kv(j)os and K.eKv^09 have v long. 

24. vwv, the termination of substantives, retains the 
vowel ft) long in the genitive in most instances, and has 
V short ; viz. 'AiJL<f>CTpvcov, ^HXeKrpvcov, (Compare lota^ 
28. b.) But words also which shorten the vowel to in the 
genitive have v generally short ; viz. ^AXeKrpvcov 'A\e/c- 

Tpv6l/09, 

Another form from ^BXeKrpvcov is found, with the 
vowel CO shortened in the genitive, and v long. 



B. — ^Thb Termination of Verbs. 



ALPHA. 

1. afft) has a short by nature; hence the syllable is 
lengthened only by position before the double consonant 

Except. — In the three verbs /juaTd^o), acjiaBd^ajy 
Tepd^co, a is long by nature, being contracted from fiaTai- 
^co, cr^aBat^Q), Tepai'fft)* which appears to take place also 
in Kpd^co, 

2. ddco has a always short; viz. BtojKaOo), elpyaOco, 
ipya6(o, 

3. dvco has a short ; viz. ^Xacndv(o, KvhdvoHy XafjuffdvoD, 
XavOdvoDy fiavOdvco, olBdvo), rvyx^dvco. 



82 



Exceptions, 
(a) Alpha is always long in Uavo}. 
(bj Alpha is long in Epic, and short in Attic Greek, 
in the words kix^^^ ^^^^ <f)6dvco. On the contrary, the 

* in Ki^^vw is short in Epic, and long in Attic. 

TOTA. 

1. tfct) has I short by nature, but is lengthened before 
the double consonant f. Tptf© alone appears to have had 

* long by nature. 

2. Ivco has t long ; viz. kXI'vco, Kpl'vco, oqtvco^ irtvaty 
ct)Btvco, 

Except. — The verbs tIvco and ^6 Ivco, which have t 
commonly long in Epic Greek, have it short in Attic 5 
which was the usage of Elegiac writers. 

UPSILON. 

1. v^co has V short by nature; hence it is lengthened 
only before the double consonant f. Tpv^co alone seems 
to have v long by nature. 

2. v6(o has V always short ; viz. <j)dtvvOQ), 

3. vvo) has V always long ; viz. alaxyvco, ^paBvvco, 
Brfdvvco, ivTuvco, /jltjkvvco, iraXvvco, (popvvco, 

4. vpo) has V always long ; viz. advpco, fcvpo), fiopfiv- 
pco, TTopcjiv' po), av poiy (f>vp(o, and in the middle forms kcvv- 
pofiaL, jJbLvvpopbai, fiapTvpojiai, pLvpojxav, ohvpofjiai, Svpofiat, 
&c. 



FINIS, 



INDEX. 



INDEX. 









Pag. 


w 

o, - - - 


- 




3,8 


a, nom. sing'. 






22 


a, acciis. sing. 


- 




24 


a, VOC. Sl7lg. 




20 


,25 


a, nom. 2)hir. 


- 




25 


a, ace. VOC. plur. - 


- 




ib. 


a, numeral. 


- 




43 


a, adv. prapos. - 




44 


,45 


a, perf. \st aor. - 


- 




48 


a, adverbial dat. - 


3, 


19 


,44 


a, cont. from aet, ae, 


aa. 




50 


a, 2nd sing. aor. 2. impei' 


at. 


ib. 


a, nom. ace. voe. dual. - 




20 


a, nom. ace. voc. phir 


'. - 




21 


a, accKS. sing. 


- 




25 


a, nom. plur. 


- 




26 


c, 2nd sing. aor. 1 . mid. 




50 


aa, perf. act. 


- 




58 


aa, dacrde, 


- 




53 


ad, ad, subst. 




16 


,64 


a^os, gen. from ayJA, 






34 


aya, perf. mid. 






62 


ayrjv, aor. 2. pass. 






ib. 


ayov, aor. 2. act. - 






ib. 


ayos, dyos, gen. from 


a^, 




34 


aha, perf. mid. 






62 


adrjv, adverb, 






65 


aBrjs, Patronymic, 






64 


ddiov, ddiov, dimin. 






65 


adios, a, ov. 






64 


aBov, adverb, 






65 


ados, ados, 






ib. 


a8os, gen. horn f em. 


as, 




34 


del, prcBs. act. 






53 


devs, subst. - 






65 


a^o), - - - 






81 


aCa>, contr. from at^co, 






ib. 


ar]v, aor. 2. pass. - 






62 


drjs, adj. 






65 


d6iyv, a6r]v, \st aor. pass. 




61 


ados, d6a>v, subst. 


. 




65 


aOa, verb, - 


- 




81 







Pag. 


aid, aid, fem. adj. 


- 


16 


aid, aid, subst. 


. 11 


,16 


aiKos, r], ov. 


. 


65 


ais, ais, Subst. 


- 


ib. 


dKa, oKa, prcBt. act. 


- 


58 


oKis, numeral, 


. 


46 


aKlOV, CLKLOV, - 


- 


66 


aKovra, aKovra, numeral 


» ~ 


43 


oKos, sub. a<os, a, ov, adj. 


66 


aKoaioL, aKoartoi, 


. 


43 


dXeos, a, ov, - 


. 


66 


dXis, dimin. - 


- 


ib. 


dXos, akos, subst. - 


- 


ib. 


dXos, a, ov, - 


- 


ib. 


aXo), 2ndfut. act. 


- 


63 


dfxa, from verbs in aw, 


. 


66 


dyiai, dfi€V, dfxevai, djxr}v, 


- 


49 


dfxai, dfiai, perf. pass. 


- 


60 


djiis, subst. - 


• 


66 


dyLos, a, ov, - 


. 


67 


a/zoDi;, S7ibst. 


- 


ib. 


dficov, from verbs in dco. 


- 


ib. 


dfxd, d/JLCi, adv. 


- 


45 


dfiov, dfxais, adv. 


- 


46 


dv, acc. sing. 


- 


24 


dv, dv, nom. sing. 


-22 


23 


dv, dv, voc. sing. - 


. 


25 


dv, dv, particles, - 


- 


45 


dv, dv, verbs. 


- 


49 


dv, dv, infn. 


- 


49 


dva, aor. 1. act. - 


. 


63 


aval, aval, infin. 


. 


49 


dvT], subst. - 


- 


67 


avia, aviKos, avios, - 


- 


ib. 


dvos, dvos, adj. subst. 


-36 


;67 


dva, - - - 


. 


81 


dva, - - - 


. 


82 


do, mas. gen. 


- 


19 


do, 2nd sing. aor. I. mid. 


49 


dofxai, dofxai. 


- 


53 


dov, dofjLTjv, dovra, - 


- 


ib. 


dovidrjs, dovios. 


- 


70 


dos, gen. from as, - 


" 


36 



85 



INDKX, 



aos, aos, subst. 

duos, airos, gen. from a\^, 

ap, ap, 710771. sing. - 

ap, particle, 

apa, aor. 1 . act. - 

apa, per/, mid. 

apiov, dpiov, - - - 

apov, aor. 2. 

fl/3os, apos, ^ew. 

apcojfut. - - - 

as, worn. «2a5c. 

oj, ge7i.fem. 

as, acc.plur, 

as, ace. phir. 

as, as, adv. - " - 

OS, 2nd sing, prat. aar. 7 
1. i7id. opt. 3 
as, as, 2nd siiig,pr<BS. Sfl 
imperf. j 
ao-a, adj. part, - 42. 

ao-at, daav, aero, 
tto-i, ao-i, dat.phcr. 
acri, aa-L, Srdplur. pras, 
aa-ia, - - - - 

mriposy adj, - - - 

aa-ios, numeral, 
aais, acrts, - - - 

aaos, subst. - - - 

ao-G), d<Topai, d(ra, d<rap.i}V, 
aa-ci, - - - 

drai, are, drryu, dro, arov, 
draxrav, 
arai, are, 

drfos, - - - 

arrip, - - - 

drrfs, drrjs, Subst, - 
artKos, 
driov, subst, 
dries, adj. ' 
arts, - - - 

arcs, - - - 

dros, Tj, ov, - 
d4)r]v, aor. 2, pass, - 

a^os, Sm6s<. - 

dxri, adv. 






Pag. 

68 
36 
23 
45 
63 
62 
68 
62 
37 
63 

,23 
19 

,26 
26 
45 

49 

ib. 

50 
49 
37 
51 
69 
ib. 
44 
68 
ib. 
54 
ib. 



dxos, subst. - 
dxov, adv. 

dax 



'5 

diov 



49 

ib. 
70 
69 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
62 

70 

46 



v.-,^, gen. plur. 
dav, dav, 7l07n. 



ed, subst. 
€td, €&a, subst. 
fid, 

Ca, - - 

Tjcrt, rja-Xv, 
T}(pX, ri<liXv, - 



St, particle, 
St, imperat. 



K 



Z, 



e. 



I, 



r, I, 7ieut. nom, 
I, Attic affix, 
I, I, dat. sing. 
X, voc. sing. - 
Xy dat. plur. - 
t, 7iumeral, - 
m, id, subst, 
la, a ecus, 
id, per/. 

Xaa>, lao), - "- 

Xadrjs, Patro7iym. - 
i/3os, gen, from v^, 
lya, prcBt.mid. 
Xyos, Tyos, gen, from 
xhevs, subst, - 
Xb^s, Patro7iym, - 
Ihiov, Ibiov, dimin, 
Ihos, from 7iom. Is, 
Xbos, from worn. t£, 

'^*^' ." \ / ' 

ti^TT^S. vr]r IS, SUOSt, - 



. 70 
46 
53 
20 

- 70 

18 

1^ 

17 

11, 12, 13 

IS 

21 
ib. 

18; 
4S 
51 



3, 8,& 
27 
5 
2» 
21^ 
30 
44 

•70,71 
71 
5» 
5S 

' 71 
3S 
63 
38 
71 

71,7^ 
71 
3& 

3a 

82 

72 



^£, - 







INDEX. 




»7 






Pag. 






Pag. 


X6r]jv, aor. 1 . pass. - 


- 


62 


torts- , to-ty. 


• 


74 


16 OS, gen. from is, 


- 


38 


icro/xatj 


- 


56 


Ua, iK€iu, per/, plnperf. act. 


59 


laos, - - - 


• 


74 


iKo, per/, act. 




63 


Xr^pos, - - - 


- 


43 


iKa, prcet. mid. 




62 


LTTi, Itt]s, subst. 


74,75 


Tkos, gen. from i^, 




38 


Xrrjs, - - - 


» 


75 


iKos, gen. from t|, 




39 


Xtos, a, ov, - 


- 


ib. 


iKos, subst. - 




72 


troy, Itov, subst^ 


- 


ib. 


tKos, a, ov, - 




ib. 


Xtos, gen. from X, - 


- 


39 


iXos, XXosy subst. - 




ib. 


X<j>a, I(f>a, prcet. 


. 


59 


TKos, a, ov, - 




ib. 


X(f)os, gen. from lyfr. 


- 


39 


tXos, a, ov, - 




ib. 


Xxos, gen. from t|, 


- 


40 


i\S>,fut. act. 




63 


Ixos, gen. from i^, 


- 


ib. 


lytxi, Ifia, siibst. 




72 


Xxos, dimin. and adj. 


- 


75 


Tfiai, lixTjv, perf. pluperf. 


61' 


iX'^^i subst. - 


- 


ib. 


ifiai, perf. - 


- 


63 


tea, Xovfxai,fut. mid. 


- 


56 


ifMos, subst, - 


- 


72 


X(ov, lo)v, subst. 


- 


76 


IflOS, T}, OVf - 


- 


ib. 


LwvT], subst, - 


- 


ib. 


IV, IV, - 


- 


47 


K. 
kX, X{, adv, - 






IV, nom. 


- 


27 
29 


. 


46 


IV, Iv, ace, sing. - 


- 








IV, dat. plur. 


» 


30 


M. 






Iva, subst. 


- 


73 


lu, verb. 


. 


51 


Xveos, a, ov, - 


. 


ib. 








IVT), XVTJ, 

Tvrjs, Xvrjs, 


- 


ib. 
ib. 
74 


N. 
vX, prcepos. - 

J/Wt, - - - 


- 


46 
29 


IVOS, T], ov, - 


- 








Ivos, rj, ov. 


. 


ib. 


2. 






Ivos, subst. - 


. 


ib. 


art, - - - 


. 


46 


ivos, gen. from Iv and 


is. 


39 


Y. 

V, doubt, vow. 






ivo>,fut. act. 




63 




3 


Iva, Xvca, press. 


~ 


82 








lov, Xovos, — Xov, Xovos, 
lovidrjs, Patronym, 
Xos, gen. from ls, - 
iTTos, gen. from Xyfr, 
tiTos, gen. from ti/r, 
iTTov, aer. 


comp. 


42 
74 
39 

ib. 
ib. 


V, V, nom. sing. - 

V, adject. 

V, V, voc. sing. 

V, adv. 

V, 2nd sing, imperat. 


* 


30 

ib. 
33 
47 

52 


. 


62 


V, ^rd sing. imp. Sf 2nd aor 


ib. 


Ipts, subst. 


. 


74 


va, perf. 




60 


Is, nom. pi. cont. from iss. 


29 


va, va, subst. 




76 


is, ace. pi. cont. from 


Las, 


ib. 


vaart, 3rd plur. pr^es. 




51 


Is, Xs, 7iom. sing. - 




27 


vyr}, vyrj, 




76 


Xs, numeral. 


_ 


44 


vyos, gen. from v|, 




40 


Xs, adv. 


— 


47 


vyos, gen. from i;^, 




ib. 


l<ra, aor. 


- 


56 


vywi/, - - - 




76 



S8 



NDKX. 



vBlOVj vStov, - 




^7^ 


vpa, aor, act. 




Pag. 

63 


v8oSf gai. from uy, 




40 


vpiov, vpiov, dimin. 




79 


vhos, gen. from vy, 




ib. 


vpov, vpov, - 




ib. 


vC<o, - - - 




82 


vpos, vpos. 




ib. 


v6t}v^ aor. 1 . j9as5. - 




62 


vpos, gen. from vp. 




42 


v6ii imperat. 




51 


vpos, gen. from vp, 




41 


v6os, gen. from vs, 




40 


vpa>, - - - 




82 


v^or, ^c«. from vr, 




41 


vs, vvTos, part. 




31 


i;^<a, verJ, 




82 


vs, vos, 




32 


{»Aca, pnet. mid. 




62 


vs, adv. 




47 


vKos, vKos, gen. from 


v^, 


41 


vs, 2ndsi7ig.pres.a.n(\ 


imperf. 52 


vKoy, u/cos-, ?20m. - 




77 


vs, aor. 2. part, mas 




ib. 


vKoy, j^, oi/, - 




ib. 


vs, eia, V, - 




32 


vXiff, i^Xty, Subst. - 




ib. 


vs, vBos, vs, vBos, - 




ib. 


vXor, siibst. and diniin. - 


ib. 


vs, nom. phcr. 




33 


vXoSi -q, ovj - 


- 


ib. 


vs, ace. plur. 




ib. 


vXoy, 5?/J5^. - 


- 


ib. 


va-a, fern. part. 




52 


iJ/ia, 5?<6.?^. - 


- 


ib. 


vO'aL, vcrav, vcro, 




ib. 


vfiat, pres. - 


- 


51 


v(Ti, 3rd plur. pres. 




ib. 


i//^at, {J/xt;!/, vyLai^ ijfirjv 


61 


,63 


varipos. 




80 


vfMedov, vfieda, 


- 


51 


vcTios, a, ov. 




79 


vfX€V, vfievai. 


- 


ib. 


vo-ts, - - - 




ib. 


VflCVOS, T), ov, 


- 


ib. 


vaos, vaos, - 




ib. 


v/xt, pres. 


- 


52 


vera), v(rop.ai,J\lt. - 




57 


vp, accus. 


- 


31 


vaco, vaco, flit. 




ib. 


vv, vvTos, neut. part. 


- 


ib. 


vrepos, VTUTOS, COmp, 


8up, 


43 


vv, nom. sing. 


- 


30 


vT€os, verbal. 




80 


vv, ace. sing. 


- 


32 


VT-qS, VTTjS, - 




ib. 


vv, vv, adv. prep. 


- 


47 


VTCS, ijTlS, 




ib. 


vv, \st sing, iinperf. 


- 


52 


ijTos, subst. 




ib. 


vv, \st sing. 2nd aor. 


- 


ib. 


vTos, -q, ov, ' 




ib. 


vv, 3rdplur. 2nd aor. 


abbrev 


.ib. 


vTos, subst. - • 




ib. 


vva, subst. 


- 


78 


VTOS, T}, ov, ' 




ib. 


vvai, inf. pres. 


- 


52 


vToivrj, - - - 




ib. 


vvT], vvrj, snbst. 


- 


78 


v(f)a, v(})a, prcet. - 




60 


vvos, gen. from vv. 


- 


41 


v<l>os, v(f)os, subst. - 




81 


vvos, gen. from vo)v, 


- 


ib. 


vxa, ijxa, prcet. 




60 


vos, gen. from vs, - 


- 


ib. 


vxos, gen. from v|, 




42 


vva, - - - 


- 


82 


vX^s, vxov, - 




81 


vTTos, from v-^. 


- 


41 


ViO, VO), 




57 


vpa, vpa, subst. 


- 


78 


vav, v(ov. 


- 


81 



FINIS. 



« 44 ) 



ERRATA. 



Page 6, line 10, pro long, lege short. 

48, line 6, lege Poet, et Ion. ftecr^a. 

— .53, line 10, /e^e Where a is short, it is 

frequently lengthened. 

— — 70, /me 19, pro first^ /^-^e second. 



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